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Anatomy & Physiology > Module 15: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems > Flashcards

Module 15: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphatic trunks

A

Collect lymph from large regions of the body into two specific lymphatic ducts

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2
Q

Lymphatic ducts

A

Right lymphatic duct

Thoracic duct

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3
Q

Right lymphatic duct

A

Receives lymph from the vessels in the right upper
regions of the body
Drains into the right subclavian vein and then into the superior vena cava

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4
Q

Thoracic duct

A

Receives lymph from the rest of the body
Drains into the left subclavian vein and then into the superior vena cava
Cisterna chyli forms the beginning of the thoracic duct

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5
Q

Lymph nodes

A

~600, in clusters along lymphatic vessels
Filter and clean lymph (Phagocytic cells remove and destroy microorganisms, cellular debris, cancerous cells, etc.)
Contain lymphocytes that provide protection from foreign invaders and other substances

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6
Q

Structure of lymph nodes

A 
Usually bean shaped and about 2.5 cm (1 inch) in length
Capsule 
Cortex 
Medulla 
Trabeculae
Sinuses
Germinal centers of the follicles (nodules) 
Afferent vessels 
Efferent vessels
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7
Q

Cortex

A

Outer region

Contains T cells and B cells

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8
Q

Medulla

A

Inner region

Contains B cells and plasma cells

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9
Q

Trabeculae

A

Divide nodes into compartments

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10
Q

Germinal centers

A

Contain dividing lymphocytes

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11
Q

Afferent vessels

A

Transport lymph into the node

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12
Q

Efferent vessels

A

Transport lymph out of the node

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13
Q

Spleen

A

Largest lymphatic organ in the body
Surrounded by a thin capsule
Consists of two areas of tissue called white pulp (contains mostly lymphocytes)
and red pulp (where old red blood cells are destroyed)
Forms blood cells during fetal development
Filters and stores blood
Destroys old red blood cells and foreign material
Stores lymphocytes

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14
Q

Thymus

A

Within the mediastinum, behind the sternum
Pinkish gray colour during childhood and yellowish in old age as the tissue is replaced with fat
Composed of two lobes
Provides a source of lymphocytes before birth
Secretes hormones that stimulate T cells to attack pathogens

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15
Q

Tonsils

A

Clusters of lymphatic with structures called crypts that
trap foreign substances
Protect the body against bacteria and other pathogens from entering the area around the openings to the nasal and oral cavities

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16
Q

Palatine tonsils

A

On each side of the throat near the opening of

the oral cavity into the pharynx

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17
Q

Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

A

Near the opening of the nasal cavity into the pharynx

18
Q

Lingual tonsils

A

At the base of the tongue near the opening of the oral

cavity into the pharynx

19
Q

Peyer’s patches and appendix

A

Peyer’s patches - in the small intestine
Appendix - in the large intestine
Prevent bacteria from penetrating the intestinal wall
Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)

20
Q

Lymphoid tissue in the respiratory tract

A

Prevents bacteria and other foreign substances from penetrating the walls of the bronchial tubes
Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)

21
Q

First line of defence (nonspecific resistance general defence)

A 
Skin
Mucous membranes 
Tears
Saliva
Urine
Vaginal secretions
Defecation
Vomiting
22
Q

Second line of defence

A 
Interferon (protective chemical)
Complement (protective chemical)
Natural killer cells (NKCs)
Phagocytosis
Inflammation
Fever
23
Q

Third line of defence (immunity, specific resistance)

A

Cell-mediated (T cells)

Antibody-mediated (B cells)

24
Q

Interferon

A

Protein produced by virus-infected cells
Released to protect surrounding cells
Infected cells that produced the interferon do not survive

25
Q

Complement (complement system)

A

Group of proteins found in blood plasma
Remains inactive until it comes in contact with microorganisms or foreign particles
Enhances phagocytosis, triggers inflammation, and/or destroys bacteria by “drilling” holes in their cell walls

26
Q

Natural killer cells (NKCs)

A

Class of lymphocytes known as the “pit bulls” of the non-specific defence system
Found in the blood, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes
Directly attack and kill virus-infected cells and cancer cells before the immune system is involved
Secrete specific chemicals that enhance the inflammatory response

27
Q

Heat and redness

A

Damaged tissues immediately release chemicals that cause the blood vessels in the area of the injury to dilate which increases temperature and blood flow

28
Q

Pain and swelling

A

Phagocytic WBCs squeeze through the blood vessel walls The plasma and proteins that accompanied the squeezing phagocytes cause swelling (edema), and the swelling stimulates nerve receptors (pain)

29
Q

Antigens (Ags)

A

Foreign bodies that are capable of generating a specific response
Found on the surface of pathogens

30
Q

B cells

A

Also called B lymphocytes
Develop from stem cells in bone marrow
Mature in bone marrow

31
Q

T cells

A

Also called T lymphocytes
Develop from stem cells in bone marrow
Mature in the thymus

32
Q

Humoral (Antibody-mediated) immunity

A

Involves the production of antibodies (immunoglobulins) that are secreted into body fluids
Both T cells and B cells are involved
Invading antigens are recognized by macrophages and helper T cells
Helper T cells present the antigens to the B cells
B cells divide and become plasma cells and memory B cells

33
Q

Plasma cells

A

Produce antibodies (Abs)

34
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

T cells cannot bind to free antigens, need help from APCs
T cells respond by dividing and forming a variety of T cells:
• Cytotoxic T cells
• Helper T cells
• Regulatory T cells
• Memory T cells

35
Q

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

A

Mainly macrophages

Present the antigens to the T cells for destruction

36
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Destroy the cell membrane of foreign antigens

37
Q

Helper T cells

A

Produce chemicals called lymphokines, which attract

macrophages to the antigens

38
Q

Regulatory T cells

A

Stop the immune response after the antigens have been

destroyed

39
Q

Buboes

A

Infected lymph nodes

The nodes do not always win the battle and become very swollen

40
Q

AIDS

A

Destroys helper T cells and the immune system slowly collapses

41
Q

Hapten

A

Incomplete antigen

Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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