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Ch 4, 16, 18, 21(part 1 & 2), 27 > Chapter 4 Integumentary system > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 types of tissues in the Integumentary system

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Neural

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2
Q

3 Characteristics of Epithelial Cells

A
  • Covers exposed areas
  • Lines internal passageways
  • Produces glandular secretions
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3
Q

3 Characteristics of Connective Tissue

A
  • Fills internal Spaces
  • Provides structural support
  • Stores energy
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4
Q

What are 2 types of epithelial tissues

A

Simple: one cell layer thick
Stratified: 2 or more cell layer thick

Pseudostratified: Usually CILIATED – mostly in the respiratory tract

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5
Q

What comprises the cutaneous membrane

A

Epidermis (on top of)

Dermis

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6
Q

The dermis is comprised of how many layers and what are they?

A

2 Layers

  • papillary
  • reticular
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7
Q

What are the accessory structures of the skin

A
  • hair follicle
  • exocrine glands
  • nails
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8
Q

This area of the skin stores a lot of adipocytes

A

Subcutaneous or hypodermis

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9
Q

The epidermis is constituted of how many cell layers

A

4-5
Soles of the feet and palms of the hand = 5 layers
Everything else = 4 layers

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10
Q

The epidermis is made up of what type of epithelium

A

Stratified squamous

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11
Q

What are the 4 cell types of the epidermis

A
  • Keratinocytes - most abundant
  • Melanocytes - role in producing malanin
  • Merkel cells - detection of sensation
  • Langerhans cells - similar to macrophages (also called dendritic cells
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12
Q

Which cell in the epidermis is similar in function to the macrophages

A

Langerhan cells

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13
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis

A
  • Stratum basale
  • Stratum spinosum
  • Stratum granulosum
  • Stratum lucidum
  • Stratum corneum
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14
Q

The Stratum Germanativum is the most inner layer of the epidermis. T/F

A

T

The Stratum Germativum is also known as the Stratum basale

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15
Q

Which layer of the skin is closest to the basal lamina

A

Stratum basale

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16
Q

What cells are found in the Stratum basale

A
  • Stem cells
  • Melanocytes
  • Merkel Cells (only in areas where we don’t have hair)
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17
Q

Name a cell of the epidermis gives us sensation eg touch

A

merkel cells - not the only one present

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18
Q

How many cell layers are in the Stratum basale

A

1

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19
Q

The stratum spinosum is made up of how many cell layers

A

several (4-6 cell layers)

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20
Q

What cells are located in the Stratum Spinosum

A
  • KERATINOCYTES: Daughter cells that started out in the stratum basale and then moved up they differentiated into this
  • Melanocytes
  • Langerhan cells
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21
Q

Which cell in the epidermis lingers around looking for pathogens

A

Langerhan cells

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22
Q

Which layer of the epidermis contains bundles of protein filaments called Tonofibrils

A

Stratum Spinosum

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23
Q

How thick is the stratum granulosum

A

1 cell thick

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24
Q

Stratum Granulosum mainly contains what type of cells?

What are the substances found in this/these cells

A

Keratinocytes

Substances are:

  • Keratohyalin (granules that support the keratin filaments)
  • Keratin
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25
Q

What is the last cell layer where the cells are still alive?

Why?

A

Stratum granulosum

- Because it secretes a lipid rich substance that prevents nutrients from getting to the layers of cell above it

26
Q

Which cells are not alive in the epidermis of the skin

A

Stratum lucidum & stratum corneum

27
Q

Which layer of the epidermis of the skin is only found on thick skin, for example the palms

A

Stratum lucidum

  • Because of the production of the rich lipid substance in the stratum granulosum, these cells will be dead.
  • no nucleus or organelles
  • Cells flat & densely packed with keratin filaments
28
Q

How many cells thick is the stratum lucidum

A

1-2

29
Q

How many cells thick is the stratum corneum

A

Up to 30 cells thick

30
Q

Why do people get callous in their hand? What layer is increasing

A

Stratum granulosum:
In areas where there are high amounts of friction you will increase the amount of keratohyalin and keratin, which results in the thickening of the skin and formation of a callous.

31
Q

What are our fingerprint?

A

Epidermal ridge present in the epidermis due to dermal papilla in the dermis

32
Q

How are fingerprints formed?

A

The dermis has dermal papilla (ridges). The stratum basale, which is above contours with the dermal papilla forming an epidermal ridge, which gives us our fingerprints

33
Q

What may cause skin color to vary?

A
  • Blood supply
  • thickness of stratum corneum
  • Depends on 2 different pigments: carotene & melanin
34
Q

What is Sienosis?

A

Lacking blood color e.g. palms of hand and soles of feet

35
Q

Carotene is produced by which cells?

A

Keratinocytes

36
Q

Melanin is produced and stored by which cells?

A

Melanocytes

37
Q

Where are the melanocytes located?

A

In the stratum basale

38
Q

Why do keratinocytes have melanin?

A

The melanocytes have long projections that go up into the stratum granulosum and release its contents (malanin pigments) into the keratinocytes.

39
Q

What makes us lighter or darker is the amount of melanocytes that each of us have. T/F

A

False
It is the amount melanin produced by the melanocytes. Everybody has about the same amount of malanocytes but produce different numbers of the melanin pigment.

40
Q

Functions of the Integumentary system

A
  • Protection from environmental hazards
  • Synthesis and storage of lipid reserves
  • Coordination of immune response to pathogens and cancers in the skin
  • Sensory information
  • Synthesis of vitamin D3
  • Excreation
  • Thermoregulation
41
Q

Which layer is arranged with a lot of collagen fibers?

A

The Reticular layer located beneath the papillary layer (Both in the dermis)

42
Q

What are the accessory structures of the skin

A
  • Sebaceous gland
  • Hair follicle
  • Sweat gland
  • Fingernails
43
Q

The part of the hair that sticks out of the skin is called the hair follicle. T/F

A

False

It’s called the hair shaft

44
Q

what contains the blood vessels and nerves in the hair?

A

Hair papilla

45
Q

What are the 3 hair structures

A
  • Inner medulla (think middle): Soft and flexible
  • Outer cortex: Hard keratin/stiff
  • Cuticle: Dead keratinized cells that coat the hair
46
Q

What is the soft/flexible part of the hair structure called

A

Inner medulla

47
Q

What is the part of the hair structure that is hard/stiff

A

Outer cortex

48
Q

Where is the dead keratinized cells that coat the hair found

A

cuticle

49
Q

What is the whitish part of the nail called? (Pail crescent area)

A

Lunula

50
Q

The area where dirt gets stuck under our nail is called what?

A

Hyponychium

51
Q

Connective Tissue is classified into 3 categories, which are?

A

1 Connective Tissue Proper
2 Fluid Connective Tissue
3 Supporting Connective Tissue

52
Q

Which cells are used to tell the type of cell. The ones further away or closer to the connective tissue?

A

The cells further away from the connective tissue are used to tell the type of cesll

53
Q

Squamous cells are….

A

Squished/Flat

e.g. Blood vessels and skin for protection

54
Q

Cuboidal cells are …

A

Cube shaped

e.g. glands/ducts/kidney tubules

55
Q

Columnar cells are and contains …

A

Rectangular/ contains cilia

e.g. lungs and digestive tract that also contains rugae

56
Q

Transitional cells are…

A

Round & big

They expand and adapt to liquids e.g. The bladder

57
Q

Connective Tissue Proper is made up of what types of cells

A

Fixed Cells

Wandering Cells

58
Q

List 6 Fixed Cells

A 
Fibroblasts
Fibrocytes
Fixed MACROPHAGES
Adipocytes
Mesenchymal cells
Melanocytes
59
Q

List 5 Wandering Cells

A 
Free MACROPHAGES
Mast cells 
Lymphocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
60
Q

Which connective tissue proper cell is both a fixed and wandering cell?

A

macrophages

61
Q

Mast cells help to do what?

A

Stimulate inflammation

Ch 4, 16, 18, 21(part 1 & 2), 27 (6 decks)

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