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Repro First Aid > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

sources of estrogen

A

ovary –>17B-estradiol placenta –> estriol adipose –> estrone

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2
Q

potency of estrogen types

A

estradiol > estrone > estriol

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3
Q

function of estrogen

A

-development of genatalia, breast, and female fat distribution -growth of follicle, endometrial proliferation, and myometrial excitability -upregulation of estrogen, LH, and progesterone receptors; feedback inhibition on LH and FSH; then LH surge; stimulation of prolactin secretion -increases transport proteins, SHBG; increases HDL and decreases LDL

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4
Q

in pregnancy, what happens to estradiol, estrone, and estriol

A

estradiol and estrone are increased by 50-fold estriol increases by 1000fold –> indicator of fetal well being

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5
Q

estrogen receptors are expressed in ______ and translocate to________

A

the cytoplasm; the nucleus when bound by ligand

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

sources of progesterone

A

corpus luteum, placenta, adrenal cortex, testes

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8
Q

function of progesterone?

A
  • stimulates endometrial secretions and spiral artery development
  • pregnancy maintenance
  • decreased myometrial excitability
  • production of thick cervical mucus (inhibits sperm entry into the uterus)
  • increases body T
  • inhibits gonadotropins (LH FSH)
  • uterine SM relaxation
  • decreased estrogen receptor expressivity
  • prevents endometrial hyperplasia
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9
Q

After delivery, pregesterone _______; why?

A

falls

this disinhibits prolactin and allows lactation

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10
Q

increased progesterone is indicative of?

A

ovulation

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11
Q

progesterone –>

prolactin –>

A

pro-gestation

pro-lactation

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12
Q

tanner stages of sexual development

A

each category can have separate stages

ex: stage 2 genatalia and stage 3 pubic hair

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13
Q
A
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14
Q
A
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15
Q
A
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16
Q

length of follicular phase vs luteal phase of menstruation

A

follicular varies in length

luteal is usually 14 days

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17
Q

decrease in progesterone leads to decreased…

A

fertility

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18
Q

estrogen stimulates…

progesterone maintains…

A

estrogen –> endometrial proliferation

prog –> endometrium to support implantation

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19
Q

oligomenorrhea

A

>35 day cycle

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20
Q

polymenorrhea

A

<21 day cycle

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21
Q

metrorrhagia

A

intermenstrual bleeding

frequent but irregular menstruation

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22
Q

menorrhagia

A

heavy menstrual bleeding

>80mL blood loss or >7 days of menses

23
Q

menometrorrhagia

A

heavy, irregular menstruation at irregular intervals

24
Q

increased estrogen leads to –> a –> b –> c –> d –> e

A

a - LH surge

b - ovulation

c - progesterone from corpus luteum

d - progesterone falls

e - mestruation (apoptosis of endometrial cells)

25
Q

oogenesis/spermatogenesis

A
26
Q

primary oocytes

A

are 2N, 4C (46 sister chromatids)

begin meiosis I during fetal life and complete meiosis I just prior to ovulation

27
Q

in oogenesis

meiosis I is arrested in_____ for _____

meiosis II is arrested in _____ until ____

A

1 - prophase 1 for years until ovulation (primary oocytes)

2 - metaphase II until fertilization (secondary oocytes) –> “until an egg MET a sperm”

28
Q

what happens to secondary oocyte if fertilization does not occur?

A

if it doesnt occur within 1 day, secondary oocyte degenerates

29
Q

ovulation physiology

A

increased estrogen –> increased GnRH receptors on anterior pituitary –> estrogen surge then stimulates LH release –> ovulation (rupture of follicle)

increased temperature (progesterone induced)

30
Q

mittelschmerz

A

transient mid-cycle ovulatory pain; associated with peritoneal irritation (ffollicular swelling, fallopian tube contraction)

can mimic appendicitis

31
Q

where does fertilization most often occur?

A

upper end of fallopian tube (ampulla) within 1 day of ovulation

32
Q

when does implantation occur?

A

6 days after fertilization into the wall of the uterus

33
Q

preganancy detection

A

1 week after conception –> can detect hCG in blood (secreted by syncytiophoblasts)

2 weeks after conception –> detectable on home urine test

34
Q

pregnancy

A
35
Q
A
36
Q

lactation physiology

A

after labor, the decrease in progesterone and estrogen disinhibits lactation

suckling is required to maintain milk production since increased nerve stimulation increased ocytocin and prolactin

37
Q

prolactin

A

induces and maintains lactation and decreases reproductive functon

38
Q

oxytocin

A

assists in milk letdown; promotes uterine contractions

39
Q

breastmilk is ideal for infants less than ___

why?

A

6 months

it contains maternal immunoglobulins to confer passive immunity (IgA), macrophages, and lymphoctes

this reduces infant infections and is associated with decreased risk to development of allergies, asthma, diabetes,and obesity

40
Q

exclusively breastfed infants require…

A

vitamin D supplements

41
Q

for the mother, breastfeeding reduces…

A

risk of breast and ovarian cancer

42
Q

hCG

source and function

A

syncytiotrophoblast of placenta

  • maintains corpus luteum and progesterone for 1st trimester by acting like LH
  • used for pregnancy detection since it appears by 2 weeks in urine
43
Q

in 2nd and 3rd trimesters, the placenta synthesizes its own what? this causes what?

A

its own estriol and progesterone and the corpus luteum degenerates

44
Q

menopause

A

decreased estrogen production due to age-linked decline in number of ovarian follicles ; around 51 yo (earleir in smokers)

  • usually preceded by 4 or 5 abnormal menstrual cycles
  • increased FSH since there is a loss of negative FSH feedback due to decreased estrogen
45
Q

source of estrogen after menopause

A

estrone from peripheral converstions of androgens

46
Q

menopause hormonal changes

A

decreased: estrogen
increased: FSH, LH, and GnRH

47
Q

menopause causes what side effects?

A

HAVOCS

hot flashes

atrophy of vagina

osteoporosis

coronary artery disease

sleep disturbances

48
Q

spermatogenesis

A

begins at puberty with spermatogonia “(gonium is going to be a sperm”)

full development takes 2 months

occurs in seminiferous tubules

produces spermatids that undergo spermiogenesis (loss of cytoplasmic contents and gain of acrosomal cap) to form mature spermatozoon (“zoon is zooming to the egg”)

49
Q

three androgens

A

testosterone

DHT (dihydrotestosterone)

androsteredione

50
Q

sources of androgens?

potency ranking?

A

DHT and testosterone from testis

andorstenedione from adrenal glands

potency: DHT> testosterone > androstenedione

51
Q

what converts testosterone to DHT?

A

enzyme 5alpha reductase

52
Q

in the male, androgens are converted to estrogen by

A

cytp450 aromatase

53
Q

testosterone functions

A
  • differentiates male genitalia except the prostate
  • growth spurt: increased penis size, sperm, muscles, RBCs, and seminal vesicles
  • deepens voice
  • libido
  • closes epiphyseal plates
54
Q

DHT functions

A

early –> differentiates penis, scrotum, and PROSTATE

late –> prostate growth, balding, sebaceous gland activity

Repro First Aid (8 decks)

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