404 Exam 1

Question 1

Gamete

Answer 1

a reproductive (sex) cell (sperm and eggs)

Question 2

Fertilization

Answer 2

the process of sexual reproduction in which a male gamete and female gamete fuse to make a new cell

Question 3

Zygote

Answer 3

cell resulting from fertilization

Question 4

Diploid (2n)

Answer 4

cell that contains two sets of homologous chromosomes

Question 5

Haploid (n)

Answer 5

cell that contains only a single set of genes

Question 6

apoptosis

Answer 6

the process of programmed cell death

Question 7

differentiation

Answer 7

process by which cells become specialized in structure and function

Question 8

anterior pituitary releases which hormones?

Answer 8

FSH and LH

Question 9

phases of ovarian cycle

Answer 9

1. follicular (before day 14; FSH and estrogen release)

2. Luteal (after day 14; LH and progesterone)

Question 10

phases of uterine cycle

Answer 10

1. menstrual (before day 14)
2. proliferative (before day 14)
3. secretory (after day 14)
4. ischemic (after day 14)

Question 11

modifiable risk factors prior to pregnancy

Answer 11

obesity, alcohol, smoking, drugs, activity, stress, abusive relationships

Question 12

physical assessment prior to conceiving

Answer 12

breast, pelvic (pap, cervix, uterus)

Question 13

taking 400 mcg folic acid prevents:

Answer 13

neural tube defects (i.e. spina bifida (most common), anencephaly)

Question 14

reproductive cycle with hormones:

Answer 14

hypothalamus - GnRH - anterior pituitary - FSH & LH - ovary - estrogen & progesterone - uterus

Question 15

zygotic stage

Answer 15

the zygote is formed when the male gamete (sperm) and female gamete (egg) fuse

Question 16

blastocyst stage

Answer 16

the single-celled zygote begins to divide into a solid ball of cells. then it becomes a hollow ball of cells (the blastocyst) attaching to the lining of the mother’s uterus

Question 17

embryonic stage

Answer 17

the major internal organs and external features begin to emerge, forming an embryo. in this stage the heart, brain, and spinal cord become visible. arms and legs start to develop

Question 18

fetal stage

Answer 18

once the formed features of the embryo begin to grow and develop, the organism is considered a fetus. differentiation and specialization of structures happens during this time.

Question 19

pre-embryonic phase timing

Answer 19

fertilization - day 14 (implantation is around day 7)

Question 20

embryonic phase timing

Answer 20

day 15 - 8th week

Question 21

fetal phase timing

Answer 21

end of 8th week - birth

Question 22

fertilization occurs at the

Answer 22

ampulla

Question 23

fetal development

Answer 23

zygote - blastocyst - embryo - fetus

Question 24

baby is vulnerable to teratogens during which phase

Answer 24

embryonic

Question 25

teratogen definition

Answer 25

agent or factor (chemical, infection, etc) that causes malformation of an embryo

Question 26

three germ layers that form during embryonic development

Answer 26

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

Question 27

embryonic membranes

Answer 27

chorion and amnion

Question 28

shiny schultz placenta side

Answer 28

amnion, fetal side

Question 29

role of the placenta

Answer 29

metabolic and nutrient exchange between the embryonic and maternal circulations

Question 30

placenta location

Answer 30

develops at the site where the embryo attaches to uterine wall

Question 31

when does the placenta develop?

Answer 31

3rd week of embryonic development; becomes discreet organ at 14 weeks and continues to grow until week 20

Question 32

permeability of placenta

Answer 32

minimal permeability during first 3-5 months, then increases until last month

Question 33

metabolic activities of placenta

Answer 33

hormone production, stores glycogen and iron

Question 34

transport function of placenta

Answer 34

simple diffusion, facilitated and active transport

Question 35

endocrine function of placenta

Answer 35

produces hCG, hPL, estrogen and progesterone (all of which are vital to survival of fetus)

Question 36

immunologic properties of placenta

Answer 36

exempt from reaction from the host

Question 37

fetal respiration function of placenta

Answer 37

the fetus does not breathe in utero, placenta provides gas exchange

Question 38

nutrition function of placenta

Answer 38

provides nutrients from mother to embryo/fetus

Question 39

excretion function of placenta

Answer 39

removes waste from fetus

Question 40

functions of amniotic fluid

Answer 40

cushion to protect baby, controls temperature of baby, permits symmetrical growth of the baby, prevents adherence of amnion to embryo/fetus, allows for fetal movement, acts as an extension of fetal extracellular space, acts as wedge during labor, provides fluid for analysis to determine fetal health and maturity

Question 41

umbilical cord is formed from the

Answer 41

amnion

Question 42

most common insertion into placenta

Answer 42

central

Question 43

name of mucoid connective tissue surrounding blood vessels in umbilical cord

Answer 43

Wharton's jelly

Question 44

definition of nuchal cord

Answer 44

cord encircles the fetal neck

Question 45

vessels in umbilical cord

Answer 45

1 vein, 2 arteries (AVA)

Question 46

The umbilical cord is formed from

Answer 46

the amnion

Question 47

length of pregnancy

Answer 47

10 lunar months (40 weeks); post conception is 38 weeks

Question 48

gestation

Answer 48

length of pregnancy from LMP

Question 49

stillbirth

Answer 49

20+ weeks

Question 50

late preterm

Answer 50

34+0 - 36+6

Question 51

early term

Answer 51

37+0 - 38+6

Question 52

full term

Answer 52

39+0 - 40+6

Question 53

late term

Answer 53

41+0 - 41+6

Question 54

preterm labor

Answer 54

after 20 weeks, through 36 weeks

Question 55

antepartum

Answer 55

prenatal/pregnancy

Question 56

intrapartum

Answer 56

labor - birth

Question 57

postpartum

Answer 57

delivery of placenta to 6 weeks after birth

Question 58

gravida

Answer 58

number of pregnancies

Question 59

para

Answer 59

any births after 20 weeks

Question 60

nulligravida

Answer 60

never been pregnant

Question 61

primigravida

Answer 61

first pregnancy

Question 62

multigravida

Answer 62

second+ pregnancies

Question 63

nullipara

Answer 63

woman with no births > 20 weeks

Question 64

primipara

Answer 64

had 1 birth at >20 weeks

Question 65

multipara

Answer 65

had 2+ births at >20 weeks

Question 66

grandmultigravida

Answer 66

3+ pregnancies

Question 67

grandmultipara

Answer 67

3+ births >20 weeks

Question 68

when the heart beat begins

Answer 68

4 weeks

Question 69

when all body organs are formed

Answer 69

8 weeks

Question 70

quickening defined (at 20 weeks)

Answer 70

fetal movement

Question 71

what does brown fat do (at 20 weeks)

Answer 71

energy conservation, temperature stability, protection

Question 72

purpose of lanugo (at 20 weeks)

Answer 72

prevents damage from amniotic fluid and toxins

Question 73

when does the fetus reach viability

Answer 73

24 weeks

Question 74

when does surfactant form

Answer 74

28 weeks (for good lung development)

Question 75

considered term at:

Answer 75

38 weeks