Bones, Muscles, Joints

Question 1

Two divisions of the skeleton:

Answer 1

Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

Question 2

Seven classes of bones:

Answer 2

Long bones, irregular bones, short bones, pneumatic bones, heterotropic or splanchic bones, flat bones, sesamoid bones

Question 3

Growth plate is made up of:

Answer 3

Epiphysial cartilage

Question 4

Woven bone between the growth plate and diaphysis:

Answer 4

Metaphysis

Question 5

Osteochondrisis dessicans

Answer 5

Caused by failure of normal cartilage formation of leaving a flap of cartilage on bone. Most commonly and shoulder, elbow, and stifle joint. It is caused by incomplete calcification.

Question 6

Any muscle that produces a certain effect.

Answer 6

Agonist

Question 7

The muscle which produces the opposite action to counteract the agonist.

Answer 7

Antagonist

Question 8

Support agonist action and eliminate unwanted effects.

Answer 8

Synergist

Question 9

Stabilizes a joint

Answer 9

Fixator

Question 10

Surrounds entire muscle

Answer 10

Epimysium

Question 11

Surrounds a bundle of muscle fibers

Answer 11

Perimysium

Question 12

Surrounds individual muscle fibers

Answer 12

Endomysium

Question 13

Fleshy contractile part of muscle

Answer 13

Muscle belly

Question 14

More fixed, least movable, usually proximal attachment

Answer 14

Origin

Question 15

More movable, usually distal attachment

Answer 15

Insertion

Question 16

Band of dense regular tissue binding down muscle tendons as they pass over bone surfaces

Answer 16

Retinaculum

Question 17

Synovial membrane intercalated between tendon and bone

Answer 17

Bursa

Question 18

Synovial membrane wrapped around a tendon as it passes over bone

Answer 18

Synovial sheet

Question 19

Attaches bone to muscle

Answer 19

Tendon

Question 20

Flat, wide, thin sheet of tissue serving as muscle attachment

Answer 20

Aponeurosis

Question 21

Movement of one bone in relation to another such that the angle of the joint is reduced

Answer 21

Flexion

Question 22

Movement of one bone in relation to another such that the angle formed by the joint is increased

Answer 22

Extension

Question 23

Movement away from the median plane

Answer 23

Abduction

Question 24

Movement toward the median plane

Answer 24

Adduction

Question 25

Movement of a part in a circular motion as outlining the surface of the cone but not involving entire long axis of bone

Answer 25

Circumduction

Question 26

Movement of a part around it’s long axis, direction of rotation is designated by the direction of movement of the cranial or dorsal surface; involves entire long axis of bone

Answer 26

Rotation

Question 27

Occurs where bones are united with dense connective tissue

Answer 27

Fibrous joints

Question 28

Occurs where bones are united by cartilage

Answer 28

Cartilaginous joints

Question 29

Complex and bones are separated by fluid filled cavity

Answer 29

Synovial joint

Question 30

Most synovial joints are highly movable and described as:

Answer 30

Diathrosis

Question 31

Most fibrous and cartilaginous joints are rigid and relatively immobile and are described as:

Answer 31

Synarthrosis

Question 32

Fibrous layer of joint capsule may form thickenings that stable the joint and are called:

Answer 32

Collateral ligaments

Question 33

Connect bone to bone in order to stabilize joints and prevent unwarranted movement

Answer 33

Ligament

Question 34

General functions of bones:

Answer 34

Provide form and support to the body.
Protect soft tissues.
Act as levers to facilitate locomotion.
Have a role in blood cell formation.
Maintain mineral homeostasis.

Question 35

What are the three components of bones?

Answer 35

Organic: type I collagen (provides strength and flexibility) 10% of bone mass
Inorganic: hydroxyapatite (provides hardness of bone); small amounts of magnesium, sodium, and bicarbonate; 65% of bone mass
Water: 25% of bone mass

Question 36

Name the three different types of postures:

Answer 36

1) plantigrade
2) digitigrade
3) unguligrade

Question 37

Plantigrade:

Answer 37

carpal bones (tarsal) in contact with the ground and entire carpus (tarsus) is used for support–tend to be slower

Examples: humans, alligator, armadillo, bear

Question 38

Digitigrade:

Answer 38

digits only are used for support

Examples: cats, dogs, birds

Question 39

Unguligrade:

Answer 39

only the terminal phalanges give support–adaptation for speed

Example: cow, horse pig