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pharamacology resit > Drugs and the Nervous System > Flashcards

Drugs and the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Common method of administration of anaesthetics?

A
  1. Epidural

2. Intradermal and topical to relieve superficial pain

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2
Q

Commonly used anaesthetics?

A
  1. Lidocaine - dental

2. Prilocaine - in creams

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3
Q

Adverse effects of anaesthetics?

A

Abnormal heart beat
Convulsions
Cardiorespiratory arrest
Hypersentivity

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4
Q

What are vasoconstrictors used for?

A
  1. Prolong drug action
  2. Enhance potency
  3. Reduces toxicity
  4. Reduces blood loss
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5
Q

Examples of vasoconstrictors?

A
  1. Adrenaline

2. Felypressin

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6
Q

What do antidepressants do?

A

Increase excitatory neurotransmitter levels in the brain

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7
Q

What do antiparkinsonians do?

A

Increases levels of dopamine

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8
Q

What do anticonvulsants do?

A

Treatment for epilepsy

Via reducing conduction of excitatory nerve impulses or /and increases GABA activity

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9
Q

3 Types of antidepressants?

A
  1. Tricyclic (TCAs)
  2. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRIs)
  3. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (MAOIs)
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10
Q

Tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors mechanism?

A

Blocks reuptake of receptor

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11
Q

What do monoamine oxidase inhibitor do?

A

Blocks enzymes from breaking down the neurotransmitters

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12
Q

Use of anaesthetics is to promote?

A

Analgesia, Unconsciousness, Amnesia, loss of reflexes

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13
Q

How do anaesthetics work?

A

Promote insensitivity

Via crossing the blood brain barrier

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14
Q

Side effects of anaesthetics?

A
  1. Nausea/vomiting
  2. Shallow/rapid breathing
  3. Crosses Placenta
  4. Loss of temp control
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15
Q

Examples of excitatory neurotransmitters?

A 
Noradrenaline
Dopamine
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
Glutamate
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16
Q

Examples of Inhibitory neurotransmitters?

A

GABA

Glycine

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17
Q

What are the stages of anaesthetics?

A
  1. Analgesia
  2. Excitement
  3. Surgical Anaesthesia - loss of reflexes skeletal muscle relaxation
  4. Medullary Paralysis - loss of respiratory/ vasomotor control
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18
Q

Inhaled Anaesthetics

A

Nitrous Oxide N20
Isoflurane
Desflurane
Sevoflurane

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19
Q

Intravenous anaesthetics

Barbiturate

A

Thiopental

20
Q

Intravenous anaesthetics

Non-Barbiturate

A

Propofol

21
Q

Other intravenous anaesthetics?

A

Etomidate

Ketamine

22
Q

Anxiolytics/Hypnotics

A 
Benzodiazepines
e.g
Midazolam
Diazepam
Temazepam
Lorazepam
23
Q

Midazolam

A

Conscious sedation and induction of anaesthesia
Can cause nausea
20 mins pre med
Used in children

24
Q

Diazepam

A

Used to treat anxiety

High doses may cause induced sleep, drowsiness, depression etc

25
Q

Tempazepam

A

Shorter acting - little ‘hangover’

Can be given by mouth

26
Q

Lorazepam

A

Marked amnesia

27
Q

Types of drugs that mainly act on the nervous system?

A
  1. anaesthetics
  2. anxiolytic/ hypnotics
  3. Neuromuscular blocking drugs
  4. Antidepressant drugs
  5. Antiparkinsonian
  6. Anticonvulsants
28
Q

Types of GA

A

Barbiturates
Gases
Non-barbiturates
Volatile Liquids

29
Q

Inhaled anaesthetics

A

Isoflurane
Desflurane
Sevoflurane

30
Q

Advantages of Propofol

non-barbiturate

A

Rapid action

Rapid recovery

31
Q

Disadvantages of Propofol

non-barbiturate

A

Causes convulsions

32
Q

Advantages of Thiopental

barbiturate

A

Useful for brief procedures

33
Q

Disadvantage of Thiopental

barbiturate

A

Rapid awakening

34
Q

What does increasing doses of benzodiazepines do?

A

anxiety > sedation > hypnosis

35
Q

Advantages of Hypnotic drugs

A

Causes amnesia

Does not cause excessive sedation in low doses

36
Q

Disadvantages of Hypnotic drugs

A 
No analgesic effect
Hypertension/ Constipation risk
Causes respiratory depression
Crosses placenta
Interacts with alcohol
37
Q

What are neuromuscular blocking drugs?

A

Muscle relaxants

38
Q

What do neuromuscular blocking drugs do?

A

Block transmission in motor nerves
Cause deep anaesthesia
Relax vocal cords to allow endoscopy

39
Q

Neuromuscular drugs?

A

Prolongs muscle paralysis/pain

Causes bronchospasm due to histamine release

40
Q

What are non-depolarising drugs?

A

Acetylcholine antagonist

41
Q

What are depolarising drugs?

A

Acetylcholine agonist

42
Q

What do narcotic analgesics do?

A

Act on opioid receptors in CNS to relive pain

43
Q

Example of narcotic analgesics?

A

Fentanyl
Alfentanil
Remifenanil
Morphine

44
Q

Narcotics

A

Causes nausea
Reduces breathing rate
Can be addictive

45
Q

Pain receptor located in the skin

A

Nociceptors

pharamacology resit (10 decks)

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