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AP Human GEO Unit 4 > 4.1 > Flashcards

4.1 Flashcards

4.1 For world political maps A. Define the different types of political entities B. Identify a contemporary example of political entities (58 cards)

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1
Q

Nation

A 
A group of people with a common identity through shared cultural traits such as :
Language
Religion
Ethnicity
Heritage
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2
Q

State

A 
Primary building blocks of the world political map
A state has :
Defined territory with borders
Permanent population 
Government
Sovereignty * card 7
Recognition from other states
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3
Q

Nation - State

A

When the borders of a nation match the borders of a state

* ideally a state with only one nation within it

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4
Q

Stateless Nation

A

Nation of people without a place to occupy

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5
Q

Multistate Nation

A

A nation of people that live in more than one state

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6
Q

Multinational State

A

A country with various ethnicities and cultures within its borders

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7
Q

Sovereignty

A

The right of a government to control and defend its population and determine what happens within its borders
A states authority to control its territory and govern itself

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8
Q

Self - Determination

A

The right of all people to govern themselves
Usually a nation ethnicity or former colony wants to govern themselves and establish sovereignty over their own state
Oftentimes may result in independence movements or devolution

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9
Q

Territorality

A 
The control and influence over a specific geographic space
Often includes aspects such as :
Historic and cultural links
Governments
Economics
Boundaries
Sovereignty
Defence military
Sometimes leads to conflict
Similarly political power us defined as control of people land and resources
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10
Q

Neocolonialism

A

The use of
Economic
Political
Cultural
Or other pressures in order to control or influence other countries
Semi periphery and periphery countries
Former African colonies reliant on outside investments for economic security

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11
Q

Shatterbelt

A

Instability within a region that is geographically located between states with overlapping territory or political power

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12
Q

Choke point

A

A strategic straight or canal which is narrow hard to pass through and has competition for use
Could be closed or blocked to stop sea traffic and strategically show political power and territorality
Essential to shipping oil food and consumer products all around the world

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13
Q

Antecedent Borders

A

Borders the are established before there has been major settlement of people in a territory

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14
Q

Subsequent Boundary

A

Borders that are drawn in areas that have been settled by people typically due to changes that have occurred over time

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15
Q

Consequent Boundary

A

Type of subsequent boundary that takes into account the existing cultural distribution of the people living in the territory and redevelops boundary lines to more closely aligned with cultural boundaries

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16
Q

Superimposed Boundary

A

Borders that are drawn over existing an accepted borders by an outside force

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17
Q

Geometric Boundaries

A

Borders that are established on straight lines of latitude and longitude instead of physical or cultural boundaries

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18
Q

Relict Boundary

A

Order that no longer exist but has left some imprint on the local culture or environmental geography

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19
Q

4 Steps To Boundary Creation

A

19a define
19b delimit
19c demarcation
19d administrative

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20
Q

19a Defined

A

Countries legally defined and agreed to where borders are located through an agreement or treaty

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21
Q

19b Delimited

A

Identifying the location of the defined boundaries on a map

Usually at the same time that boundaries are defined and done through a legal designation

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22
Q

19c Demarcation

A

Visible markings of the landscape with objects such as fences or signs

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23
Q

19d Administered

A

Legal management of the border through laws immigration regulation documentation and prosecution

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24
Q

The United Nations Convention On The Law Of The Seas

25
21 Territorial Sea
12 nautical miles from the coastline Complete sovereignty authority over the water and air space Permission of innocent passage by foreign ships
26
Exclusive Economic Zone
EEZ 200 nautical miles off coastline Estate has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources such as fishing whaling as well as natural resources like natural gas oil and energy
27
Census
Done every 10 years Mandated by Constitution Official population plus age race sex Determine federal and state funding for planning and providing services and building and maintaining infrastructure Schools roads Waste Management hospitals libraries public transportation
28
Reappointment
Process in which US House of Representatives are reallocated to different states based off population change Congressional districts there are for the US House of Representatives 435
29
Redistricting
Safe internal political boundaries that determine voting districts for the US House of Representatives and the state legislator are changed to accurately reflect new census data
30
Voting district
A geographic term used by state and local governments to organize elections drawn by state legislators
31
Gerrymandering
Redistricting for a political advantage over when the political party that conducts a majority of seats in the state legislator draws political district boundaries to maintain or extend their political power
32
Packing
Clustering like-minded voters in a single district thereby allowing the other party to when the remaining districts
33
Cracking
Dispersing like-minded voters among multiple districts in order to minimize their impact and prevent them from gaining a majority
34
Electoral College Number
Electoral college
35
Electoral College
Electors in electoral college 538 | Congressional districts 435
36
Oregon Districts
7 votes 5 congressional districts 2 state senators
37
Data for Electoral College
State gets votes districts it has +7 senators | Presidency one with 270 votes
38
Unitary Government
A style of government in which the power is located centralized and the purpose of regional or local units is to carry out policy Regional and local political units exist but often do not act independently to make laws or policy Extension of central government
39
Federal Government
A style of government in which power is shared between central regional and local governments Regional and local governments have autonomy and authority to administrate there are spaces in order to account for needs of diverse groups
40
Devolution
Due to centrifugal forces Power is shifted from the central government or administration to regional authorities usually reflective of nations to avoid conflict States must concede some power to autonomous regions or sub-national political units
41
Physical Geography
Regions that are separated from the Central State due to physical features such as mountain ranges deserts or bodies of water Fragmented states
42
Ethnic Separatism
People of a particular ethnicity in a multinational State identify more strongly with their ethnic group than citizens of the state Result of mistreatment or disparity between dominant and minority ethnic groups within a state
43
Ethnic Cleansing
State governments attack and ethnic group in an attempt to try to eliminate them through expulsion imprisonment mass murder Similar to genocide
44
Terrorism
Organized violence aimed at government and civilian targets intended to create fear in order to accomplish political aims Usually used by non-government organizations to achieve power
45
Irredentism
A majority ethnic group wants to claim territory from a neighboring state due to shared culture with the people residing across the border Reunification of Multistate Nation
46
Supranational Organizations
An alliance of three or more states that work together in pursuit of common goals Economic social cultural political military environmental Typically regional
47
European Union
EU
48
NATO
NATO
49
Compact States
``` Efficient Theoretically round Capital in center Shortest possible boundaries to Defend improved communication ```
50
Prorupted States
Large projecting extension Sometimes natural Could be to gain a resource or advantage
51
Elongated States
States that are long and narrow Poor communication Isolated capital
52
Fragmented States
Several discontinuous pieces of territory separated by land or water
53
Perforated States
A country that completely surrounds another state | Exclave the surrounding territory
54
Enclave Exclave
Enclave surrounded territory | Exclave surrounding territory
55
Microstate
A sovereign state having a very small population or very small land area
56
Landlocked States
States without access to water
57
Centripetal Forces
``` Characteristics that unifier country and provide stability Common Language Ethnicity Religion ```
58
Centrifugal forces
Characteristics that divide a country and create instability conflict and violence Multiple competing ethnicities languages religions

AP Human GEO Unit 4 (2 decks)

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