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Bio unit 4 > 4.1 > Flashcards

4.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the multicellular eukaryote lineages?

A

Land plants, fungi, and animals

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2
Q

What are protists?

A

Eukaryotes that are not fungi, land plants, or animals

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3
Q

is fungi more closely related to animals or plants?

A

animals

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4
Q

What characteristics do animals and fungi share, and how are they different from plants?

A

Both produce polysaccharide chitin for structure, whereas plants use chitin
Both has a single flagellum in their gametes, whereas plants have multiple flagella
Both store food in glycogen molecules, whereas plants store it as starch

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5
Q

Are fungi heterotropic or homotropic?

A

Heterotropic

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6
Q

Are most fungi unicellular or multicellular?

A

Multicellular

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7
Q

What are fungi’s cell walls made out of?

A

Chitin with their cell membrane

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8
Q

What are some examples of fungi?

A

Mushrooms, yeasts, parasites, molds, and more

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9
Q

How do fungi feed?

A

By digesting and absorbing nutrients directly from their surroundings

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10
Q

What can saprophytic fungi digest?

A

Cellulose and lignin in dead plants

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11
Q

How can Mycorrhizal be mutualistic?

A

Absorbing nutrients from root cells in exchange for helping the roots absorb more minerals

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12
Q

What do parasitic fungi absorb nutrients from?

A

Living plants and animals

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13
Q

How can parasitic fungi affect insects?

A

Cause some insects to change their behavior to benefit the fungus

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14
Q

What is the main body of the multicellular fungi?

A

Mycelium

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15
Q

What are the structures of the fungi that we see used for?

A

Reproduction

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16
Q

What affect does mycelia have on absorption and spread?

A

They have a huge amount of absorptive surface area and can spread over large distances

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17
Q

Are animals monophyletic, polyphyletic, or paraphyletic?

A

Monophyletic

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18
Q

How are animals, plants, and fungi different from protists?

A

They have multicellularity

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19
Q

What kind of food consumers are animals, and fungi? Are plants also these?

A

Heterotrophs, they get their food from an outside source. Plants are not heterotrophs because they photosynthesis

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20
Q

How are animals different from fungi in terms of eating?

A

Animals ingest their food and digest it internally

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21
Q

What are three synapomorphies of animals?

A

Extracellular matric (EMC) molecules
Unique cell to cell adhesion
Form blastula during development

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22
Q

What is the only lineage with muscle and nerve tissue?

A

Animals

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23
Q

Are the adults of most animal species diploid or haploid? What about gametes?

A

Diploid, haploid

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24
Q

Do animal cells have cell walls?

A

No

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25
Q

What is a blastula?

A

A stage where a hollow ball of cells forms during early embryological development

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26
Q

What are 4 stages that lead up to the blastula stage?

A

Zygote, two-cell stage, 4-cell stage, and morula

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27
Q

If animals and choanoflagellates are closely related, then in what two ways do they differ?

A

Animals developed multicellularity and blastula

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28
Q

What are the list of Phyla (10)?

A

P. Porifera
P. Ctenophora
P. Cnidaria
P. Platyhelminthes
P. Annelida
P. Mollusca
P. Nematoda
P. Arthropoda
P. Echinodermata
P. Chordata

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29
Q

What are 4 examples of fungi?

A

Mushrooms, yeasts, parasites, and molds

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30
Q

What do pathogenic fungi get nutrients?

A

Infect and absorb nutrients from living plants and animals.

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31
Q

How do predatory fungi get nutrients?

A

Trap small invertebrates (mostly nematodes) and digest and absorb their nutrients.

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32
Q

What are unique animal similarities that are not synapomorphies?

A

*Animals are the only lineage with muscle and nerve
tissue (but not all animals have these tissues.)
* Animal cells have no cell walls (but amoeboid
protists also have no cell walls.)
* Adults of most species are diploid; only gametes are
haploid (similar to some protists; some insects are
only haploid).

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33
Q

What are 4 ways you can classify data?

A

Morphological, developmental, fossil, and genomic

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34
Q

In general, are animals becoming more complex or losing complex characteristics?

A

Losing characteristics

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35
Q

Are toolkit genes expressed the same?

A

In animals, the same genes used for development may be expressed differently in different lineages.

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36
Q

Can early diverging lineages evolve into different forms?

A

yes

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37
Q

How are Eumetazoan differentiated from sponges?

A

The presence of well-defined tissue (in eumetazoans)

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38
Q

Are sponges older than more complex animals?

A

Not necessarily

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39
Q

Did sponges and eumetazoans diverge from a common ancestor?

A

yes

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40
Q

How did Cnidarians and Bilaterians share a common ancestor? Are the body structures the same?

A

nidarians and Bilateria diverged from their last common ancestor at a single point in time and so are equally
old, but evolved different body structures.

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41
Q

How do mass extinctions contribute to animal origin?

A

Historical mass extinctions contribute to the uncertainty about the origin of animals

42
Q

If they don’t leave fossils, we have no record of their existence.

A

Fax

43
Q

What was the most devastating mass extinction?

A

The most devastating mass extinction occurred 252 million years ago, at the end of the Permian Period.
Environmental conditions led to global warming, a major reduction of atmospheric and ocean oxygen, and ocean acidification. These changes resulted in the extinction of nearly 80% of the earth’s species, with more than 90% of the late Permian ocean species disappearing.

44
Q

Which period did animals evolve?

A

Cambrian period, which was early

45
Q

What are the characteristic animal body plans that evolved during the cambrian period?

A
  • Level of complexity - cell, tissue, or organ grade
  • Symmetry – none, radial or bilateral
  • Number and type of germ layers
  • Embryological development
  • *Presence and structure of body cavity (coelom)
46
Q

What are the three groups that are split up by level of complexity?

A

Cell grade, Tissue grade, and organ grade

47
Q

What are the characteristics of cell grade phyla?

A

They have no tissues or organs. Sponges do not have tissues, just different type of cells

48
Q

What are the characteristics of tissue grade phyla?

A

They have tissues but no organs. Cnidarians and Ctenophores have tissues but no organs.

49
Q

What are the characteristics of organ grade phyla?

A

Both tissues and organs, which most animal phyla have

50
Q

What are tissues?

A

groups of similar cells that perform the same function.

51
Q

What are organs?

A

structures composed of more than one tissue that perform a specific function.

52
Q

What three groups does symmetry divide the animal phyla?

A
  • Asymmetrical (most sponges)
  • Radial (Ctenophores, Cnidaria
    and Echinoderms)
  • Bilateral (most animal phyla)
53
Q

How does radial symmetry allow jellyfish to move?

A

allows jellyfish to move up and down in the water by flexing cells around their bodies.

54
Q

How does radial symmetry allow sessile sea anemones to move?

A

permits sessile sea anemones to wave their ring of food-gathering tentacles in all directions at once.

55
Q

What are characteristics of bilateral symmetry in animals?

A

Bilaterally symmetrical animals have a distinct head and tail and top and bottom, and have a single plane of symmetry running
between them at the midline.

56
Q

How does bilateral symmetry affect movement?

A

Bilateral symmetry enables animals to move in one horizontal direction to capture prey, find shelter, or escape from enemies.

57
Q

What are three other evolutionary developments associated with bilateral symmetry?

A

Cephalization
Locomotion
Centralized nervous system

58
Q

What is cephalization?

A

nervous tissue, and sense organs are concentrated at one end of the body.

59
Q

What is locomotion?

A

directed movement through the environment. Animals take in sensory information from the environment ahead of them and can process it quickly.

60
Q

what is a centralized nervous system?

A

As the quality and amount of sensory information taken in by animals increased, brain size and complexity increased.

61
Q

What are the three germ layers that form inn animals with tissues?

A

Ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm

62
Q

The number of germ layers that form in the embryo divide animals with tissues into two which two basic groups?

A

Diploblasts and Triploblasts

63
Q

Which tissues do endoderm give rise to?

A

Digestive tract and related structures

64
Q

Which tissues do ectoderm give rise to?

A

skin and contractile cells and nervous structures

65
Q

Which tissues do mesoderm give rise to?

A

true musle, reproductive excretory, circulatory, and respiratory structures

66
Q

What are diploblast?

A

two tissue layers

67
Q

What are triploblast?

A

3 tissue layers

68
Q

What is the difference between protostomes and deuterostomes?

A

The proto pore becomes the mouth, whereas the deutero pore becomes the anus

69
Q

How is the coelom formed in protostomes?

A

Blocks of solid mesoderm split to form coelom

70
Q

How is the coelom formed in deuterostomes?

A

Mesoderm pockets pinch off of gut to form coelom

71
Q

Where is food taken in in all animals (except sponges)?

A

Food is taken into a digestive tract lined by endoderm

72
Q

What is a gastrovascular cavity?

A

A sac-like gut with one opening for both taking in food and eliminating wastes

73
Q

What is a complete gut?

A

A tube-like gut has an opening for taking in food and separate opening for eliminating waste.

74
Q

Do all animals have a coelom?

A

Many but not all

75
Q

What is a coelom?

A

A space between the inner gut tube and the outer body wall

76
Q

When did the coelom evolve?

A

Molecular data indicates that it probably evolved early in the bilaterally symmetrical lineage

77
Q

Does the coelmom become lost/modified/reduced in some phyla?

A

Yes, there is a loss of coelom in platyhelminthes (flatworms)

78
Q

Is the coelum usefull to determine phylogenetic relationships?

A

It is not very useful, but it is still helps in informing animal structure

79
Q

In organisms with a true coelom the cavity is completely lined with mesoderm. Organs extend into the coelomic cavity

A

fax

80
Q

What are animals that have lost their cavity called?

A

acoelomates

81
Q

What is the structure of acoelomates?

A

Solid mesoderm with organs embedded in the mesoderm tissue

82
Q

What is the structure of pseudocoelomates?

A

They have a modified coelom called a pseudocelom in which the cavity is lined with mesoderm only on the ectoderm side. Endoderm is exposed to the cavity. Organs extend into this cavity.

83
Q

What are three functions of the coelom?

A

*Functions as a hydrostatic skeleton (fluid pressure) for support in soft organisms.
*Provides a firm surface so muscle contraction provide locomotion in legless animals
*Provides space for circulation of oxygen and nutrients
*Provides space for expansion and movement of internal organs
*Enables internal organs to move independently of each other and independently of the body walls

84
Q

True or false: Having a coelom is advantageous, but a true coelom provides additional advantages

A

True

85
Q

What are three things only a true coelom can do?

A
  • muscle around gut can push food through gut without using the outer body wall or a pumping pharynx
  • The two layers of mesoderm can form connections (mesenteries) that can hold organs in place, but still allow them to move.
  • The two layers of mesoderm can form septa that can compartmentalize the coelom.
86
Q

Do sponges have consistent symmetry?

A

no

87
Q

Do sponges have tissue?

A

No

88
Q

Do sponges have a gut?

A

no

89
Q

What is a synapomorphy for porifera - sponges?

A

Choanocytes, creates a flow of water and captures food items as they pass by these cells.

90
Q

What are common traits in ctenophora?

A

transparent, ciliated, gelatinous diploblast

91
Q

What do ctenophora eat?

A

Plankton

92
Q

What are 5 ctenophora characteristics?

A

*Radial symmetry
*Two tissue layers
*Use cilia to move
*Two anal pores indicate the presence of a complete gut (new data!)

93
Q

What is a synapomorphy in ctnophora?

A

sticky colloblasts for capturing prey

94
Q

Why is the new data about ctenophores having a complete gut significant?

A

They were previously thought to only have a gastrovascular cavity, but this new data shows a trait that could change their place in a phylogenetic tree

95
Q

How do adult comb jellies move?

A

By beating cilia which occur in comb-like rows running the length of the body

96
Q

What are three characteristics of cnidaria?

A

Radial symmetry
Diploblastic (two tissue layers) – ectoderm and endoderm
Extracellular digestion – gastrovascular cavity (GVC)

97
Q

What is a cnidaria synapomorphy?

A

cnidocytes, stinging cells for prey capture

98
Q

What are some cnidarians?

A

Hydra, sea anemones, corals, and jellyfish

99
Q

What are two stages in most cnidarians?

A

Most Cnidarians have both a polyp and a medusa stage. Some exist just as one stage or another.

100
Q

List all deuterostomes

A

Echinoderms and chordates

101
Q

List all protostomes

A

nematodes, anthropods, mollusks, annelid worms, platyhelminthes (flat worms)

Bio unit 4 (4 decks)

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