4.1 Flashcards
IMPORTANCE OF WATER IN SUPPORTING LIFE ON PLANET
Helps create benign thermal conditions on Earth:
- oceans moderate temperatures by absorbing, storing + releasing heat slowly
water moderates environment in other ways:
- clouds made up of tiny water droplets + ice crystals reflect around 1/5th of incoming solar radiation + lower surface temperatures
- at same time water vapour (potent greenhouse gas) absorbs long-wave radiation from Earth helping to maintain average global temperatures almost 15C higher than they would be otherwise
Oceans occupy how much of Earth’s surface
71%
Water makes up how much % of all living organisms
65-95%
- water crucial to their growth, reproduction, + other metabolic functions
Uses of water for flora, fauna + people
Plants need water for photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration
- photosynthesis takes place in leaves of plants, combining CO2, sunlight, water to make glucose + starches
- respiration in plants + animals converts glucose to energy through its reaction with oxygen, releasing water + CO2
- plants require water to maintain their rigidity (plants wilt when run out of water) + to transport mineral nutrients from soil
- in people + animals, water is medium used for chemical reactions in body (circulation of oxygen + nutrients)
- transpiration of water from leaf surfaces cools plants by evaporation
- sweating is cooling process in humans
- in fur-covered mammals, reptiles + birds, evaporative cooling achieved by panting
How is water essential resource for economic activity
Used to generate electricity, irrigate crops, provide recreational facilities + satisfy public demand (drinking water + sewage disposal)
- Industries including food manufacturing, brewing, paper + steel making
Importance of carbon to life on Earth (biological)
Stored in carbonate rocks (such as limestone), sea floor sediments, ocean water (as dissolved CO2), atmosphere (as CO2 gas) + in biosphere
- life is carbon based: built on large molecules of carbon atoms (proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids)
How is carbon used as economic resource
Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) power global economy
- oil used as raw material in manufacture of products ranging from plastics to paint + synthetic fabrics
- agricultural crops + forest trees store large amounts of carbon available for human use as food, timber, paper, textiles
Global water cycle
Consists of 3 stores: atmosphere, oceans, land
- oceans - biggest store , atmosphere - smallest store
Water moves between stores through processes of precipitation, evapotranspiration, run-off, groundwater flow
(Evapotranspiration is flow from land to atmosphere)
Global carbon cycle
global carbon cycle is similar in comprising series of stores + flows. Long-term storage in sedimentary rocks holds 99.9% of all carbon on Earth
In contrast, most of carbon in circulation moves rapidly between atmosphere, oceans, soil + biosphere.
- main pathways between stores followed by carbon in this cycle include photosynthesis, respiration, oxidation (decomposition, combustion) + weathering
water and carbon cycles as open + closed systems
On global scale water + carbon cycles are closed systems driven by Sun’s energy (which is external to Earth).
Only energy (+ not matter) cross boundaries of global water + carbon cycles - hence we refer to these systems as ‘closed’
At smaller scales (drainage basin/forest ecosystem), materials as well as Sun’s energy cross system boundaries (so are open systems)
Global stores of water
Oceans (contain 97% of all water on planet)
Polar ice + glaciers
Groundwater (aquifers)
Lakes
Soils
Atmosphere
Rivers
Biosphere
Stores of water explained (fresh water + atmosphere)
- Fresh water comprises only tiny proportion of water in store + 3/4 is frozen in ice caps of Antartica + Greenland
- water stored below ground in permeable rocks amounts to just 1/5th of all fresh water
- only minute fraction of Earth’s water found in atmosphere - explained by rapid flux of water into + out of atmosphere: average residence time of water molecules is 9 days
Inputs + outputs of water
- Inputs of water to atmosphere include water vapour evaporated from oceans, soils, lakes + rivers, + vapour transpired through leaves of plants. Together these processes known as evapotranspiration.
- Moisture leaves atmosphere as precipitation (rain, snow, hail) + condensation (e.g fog)
~ Ice sheets, glaciers + snowfields release water by ablation (melting + sublimation). - Precipitation + meltwater drain from land surface as run-off into rivers. Most rivers flow to oceans though some, in continental drylands like southwest USA, drain to inland basins.
~ large part of water falling as precipitation on land reaches rivers only after infiltrating + flowing through soil. - after infiltrating soil, water under gravity may percolate into permeable rocks/aquifers
~ this groundwater eventually reaches surface as springs/seepages + contributes to run-off
Global carbon cycle stores
Sedimentary (carbonate) rocks
Oceans
Sea floor sediments
Fossil fuels
Soils + plants
Atmosphere
Biggest carbon store
Sedimentary rocks
- most of carbon that is not stored in rocks + sediments is found in oceans as dissolved CO2
- relatively small carbon storage in atmosphere, plants, soils (but play crucial part in cycle + represent most of carbon in circulation at any 1 time
SLOW CARBON CYCLE
- carbon stored in rocks, sea-floor sediments + fossil fuels locked away for millions of years
Typical residence times for carbon held in rocks in SLOW CARBON CYCLE
around 150 million years