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ImmunoSero > 4.1 > Flashcards

4.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the main function of antibodies?

A

Recognizing and binding to specific antigens.

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2
Q

What is the structural shape of an antibody?

A

Y-shaped.

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3
Q

What is the primary humoral element of the adaptive immune response?

A

Antibody.

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4
Q

Are all immunoglobulins considered antibodies?

A

No, only immunoglobulins that can recognize and bind to antigens are antibodies.

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5
Q

What is the key term that defines an antibody?

A

Specificity.

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6
Q

Where are antibodies present in the body?

A

Blood, mucosal secretions, breast milk.

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7
Q

What is the primary function of an antibody?

A

Bind to an antigen via its epitope.

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8
Q

What type of electrophoretic band do immunoglobulins appear in?

A

Gamma band.

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9
Q

Which immunoglobulin is the slowest-moving protein in electrophoresis?

A

Gamma globulins.

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10
Q

What is the difference between IgG and IgM in terms of complement activation?

A

IgM is more efficient at fixing complement than IgG.

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11
Q

What type of molecule are antibodies?

A

Glycoproteins.

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12
Q

What type of cells secrete antibodies?

A

Plasma cells.

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13
Q

What triggers plasma cells to secrete antibodies?

A

Antigenic stimulation.

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14
Q

What are the two main regions of an antibody?

A

Variable region and constant region.

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15
Q

Which region of an antibody determines antigen specificity?

A

Variable region.

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16
Q

Which region of an antibody determines its class?

A

Constant region.

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17
Q

What is the function of the Fc region?

A

Effector functions such as complement activation and binding to Fc receptors.

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18
Q

What bonds stabilize the antibody structure?

A

Disulfide bonds.

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19
Q

What are the two types of light chains in antibodies?

A

Kappa (κ) and Lambda (λ).

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20
Q

Can an antibody have both kappa and lambda light chains?

A

No, it has either one or the other.

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21
Q

What determines the isotype of an antibody?

A

The type of heavy chain.

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22
Q

What are the five main classes of antibodies?

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD.

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23
Q

Which antibody has the highest concentration in serum?

A

IgG.

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24
Q

Which antibody is the first to appear during an immune response?

A

IgM.

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25
Which antibody is mainly found in mucosal secretions?
IgA.
26
Which antibody is involved in allergic reactions?
IgE.
27
Which antibody serves as a marker for mature B cells?
IgD.
28
Which antibody can cross the placenta?
IgG.
29
Which antibody is a pentamer in its secreted form?
IgM.
30
Which antibody is a dimer in secretions?
IgA.
31
Which antibody has the longest half-life?
IgG.
32
Which antibody has the shortest half-life?
IgE.
33
Which antibody is most effective at opsonization?
IgG.
34
What process enhances phagocytosis by coating pathogens?
Opsonization.
35
Which antibody is most efficient at agglutination?
IgM.
36
What is the main function of IgA?
Mucosal immunity.
37
Which antibody is involved in the classical complement pathway?
IgM and IgG.
38
Which antibody is most efficient at fixing complement?
IgM.
39
Which antibody is mainly responsible for anaphylactic reactions?
IgE.
40
What are the two fragments formed when papain cleaves an antibody?
Two Fab fragments and one Fc fragment.
41
What are the two fragments formed when pepsin cleaves an antibody?
One F(ab')2 fragment and degraded Fc fragments.
42
What is the function of the Fab region?
Antigen binding.
43
What component of an antigen does an antibody recognize?
Epitope.
44
What is another name for an epitope?
Antigenic determinant.
45
What is the term for multiple epitopes on a single antigen?
Multivalent antigen.
46
What type of antibody is naturally occurring and reacts without prior exposure?
IgM (e.g., ABO blood group antibodies).
47
What is the term for an antibody produced after antigen exposure?
Immune antibody.
48
What is an alloantibody?
An antibody formed against antigens from the same species.
49
What is a heterophile antibody?
An antibody that reacts with antigens from different species.
50
Which antibody plays a major role in neonatal immunity?
IgG.
51
What is the primary function of antibodies in the immune system?
Neutralization, opsonization, and complement activation
52
Which immune cells produce antibodies?
Plasma cells (activated B-cells)
53
What is the basic structural unit of an antibody?
A Y-shaped glycoprotein with two heavy and two light chains
54
Which bonds stabilize the structure of an antibody?
Disulfide bonds
55
What are the two regions of an antibody, and what are their functions?
Fab (antigen-binding) and Fc (effector function) regions
56
Which part of the antibody binds to antigens?
The variable regions of the Fab fragment
57
What is an epitope?
The specific portion of an antigen that an antibody binds to
58
What is the difference between a linear and a conformational epitope?
Linear epitopes are sequential amino acids, while conformational epitopes depend on protein folding
59
Which fragment of an antibody is responsible for complement activation?
The Fc fragment
60
Which antibody class is the most abundant in serum?
IgG
61
Which antibody is the first to be produced during a primary immune response?
IgM
62
Which immunoglobulin is the most effective in neutralizing bacterial toxins?
IgG
63
What is the primary function of IgA?
Mucosal immunity and pathogen exclusion
64
Which immunoglobulin can cross the placenta to provide passive immunity to the fetus?
IgG
65
What is the role of the J-chain in IgA and IgM?
It helps polymerize these antibodies and facilitates transport across mucosal surfaces
66
Which antibody is associated with allergic reactions?
IgE
67
Which receptor does IgE bind to on mast cells and basophils?
FcεRI
68
Which antibody functions as a B-cell receptor (BCR) on naive B-cells?
IgD and monomeric IgM
69
Which immunoglobulin exists as a pentamer in circulation?
IgM
70
Which immunoglobulin exists as a dimer in secretions?
IgA
71
Which IgG subclass is the best at complement activation?
IgG3
72
Which IgG subclass is the least efficient at crossing the placenta?
IgG2
73
Which immunoglobulin has the shortest half-life?
IgE
74
Which immunoglobulin has the longest half-life?
IgG
75
Which cells are responsible for antibody class switching?
Activated B-cells with the help of T-helper cells
76
What enzyme is responsible for class switching in B-cells?
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)
77
What determines the class (isotype) of an antibody?
The constant region of the heavy chain
78
Which process generates antibody diversity in B-cells before antigen exposure?
V(D)J recombination
79
Which enzyme is responsible for V(D)J recombination?
RAG1 and RAG2 recombinases
80
What is somatic hypermutation, and why is it important?
A process that introduces mutations in the variable region of antibodies to improve antigen affinity
81
Where does somatic hypermutation occur?
In the germinal centers of lymph nodes
82
What is affinity maturation?
The process where B-cells with higher affinity antibodies are selected for survival
83
Which process allows B-cells to switch from IgM to other antibody classes?
Class switch recombination (CSR)
84
Which immunoglobulin is most effective at agglutination?
IgM
85
Which complement pathway is activated by antibodies?
The classical complement pathway
86
Which part of the antibody binds to Fc receptors on phagocytes?
The Fc region
87
What is the function of Fc receptors on immune cells?
They mediate phagocytosis, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and degranulation
88
What is the primary immunoglobulin in colostrum (early breast milk)?
IgA
89
Which immunoglobulin plays a critical role in immune complex formation?
IgG
90
Which immunoglobulin is produced in response to helminth (parasitic worm) infections?
IgE
91
Which immunoglobulin is the main mediator of passive immunity in newborns?
IgG (from the mother via the placenta)
92
Which immunoglobulin is primarily responsible for transfusion reactions?
IgM (due to ABO blood group incompatibility)
93
Which process enables B-cells to generate billions of unique antibodies?
Somatic recombination of V(D)J gene segments
94
Which two immunoglobulins are important for neutralizing viruses?
IgG and IgA
95
Which immunoglobulin can be found as a monomer, dimer, or trimer?
IgA
96
What is the term for an antibody binding to a toxin to prevent its effects?
Neutralization
97
Which immunoglobulin is best at opsonization?
IgG
98
Which antibody-mediated process leads to the direct killing of target cells by NK cells?
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
99
Which immunoglobulin is most involved in delayed hypersensitivity reactions?
IgG
100
What is the key function of the secretory component in IgA?
Protects IgA from enzymatic degradation in mucosal surfaces

ImmunoSero (3 decks)

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