4.1 Basic Concepts

Question 1

Life Course

Answer 1

The various transitions and stages people experience during their lives

Question 2

Social Reproduction

Answer 2

The process of perpetuating values, norms, and social practices through socialization, which leads to structural continuity over time

Question 3

Agents of Socialization

Answer 3

Groups or social context within which processes of socialization take place.

Question 4

Primary Socializaiton

Answer 4

The family is the main agent of socialization

Question 5

Secondary + Other Agents of SOcialization

Answer 5

Schools, peer groups, organizations the media, the workplace, religious organizations, and even the government — become socialist forces

Question 6

Resocialization

Answer 6

The process whereby people learn new rules and norms upon entering a new social world.

• You can be domestically résocialized.
  An example is jail

Question 7

Desocialization

Answer 7

The process whereby people unlearn rules and norms upon exiting a particular social world

Question 8

Anticipatory Socialization

Answer 8

The process whereby we learn about a social role in advance of enacting the role

Question 9

Premodern Society Families

Answer 9

The family into which a person was born determines the individual’s lifelong social position

Question 10

Modern Society Family

Answer 10

Social Position is not inherited at birth, yet the region and social class fo the family have a distinct effect on patterns of socialization

Question 11

Family Definition

Answer 11

A group of related people bound by connections that are biological, legal, or emotional.

• Not everyone agrees with this definition.
• Other traits associated with family are some expectation of care or commitment between members, and varying degrees of power and authority

Question 12

Personal Family

Answer 12

The people to whom we feel related and who we expect to define us as members of their family as well.

The definition encompasses the idea of blended families and changes in personal perception of family

Question 13

Legal Family

Answer 13

A group of individuals related by birth, marriage, or adoption.

State-imposed legal definition that carries with it many rights and responsibilities overseen by the gouvernement, which have implications for the distribution of resources.

This definition seems straightforward, but its meaning may be contested, with the most contested word being marriage

Question 14

Hidden Curriculum

Answer 14

Traits of behaviour or attitudes that are learned at school but not included in the formal curriculum

EX.
Gender differneces

Question 15

Peer Group

Answer 15

A friendship group composed of individuals of similar age and social status.

Peers may experience rites of passage together, such as graduation

Question 16

Age-Grade

Answer 16

The system found in small traditional cultures by which people belonging to a similar age group are categorized together and hold similar rights and obligations

Question 17

Barrie Thorne

Answer 17

Examines how children actively create and re-create the meaning of gender in their interactions with one another.

Question 18

Mass Media

Answer 18

Forms of communication, such as newspaper, magazines, radio, and television, designed to reach mass audiences.

Media is particularly influential in shaping the beliefs, behaviours, social interactions, and relationships of children, teens, and young adults.

Question 19

Double-Edged Sword of Media

Answer 19

• Média can teach children about topics with which their parents may be less familiar or comfortable
• Media can also provide information and even a sense of solace for children who may be lacking in support in their communities

Question 20

Média and Globalization

Answer 20

People throughout the globe are exposed not only to cultural messages from their own societies, but also increasingly to cultural media images from across the world

Question 21

Work Environment

Answer 21

The work environment often poses unfamiliar demands.

Many workers must:

• Master the specific task of their job
• Internalize cultural norms about appropriate professional behaviour
• Learn how to «feel» and display socially acceptable emotions (this can also lend to suppresses emotions) at work

Question 22

Social Roles

Answer 22

Socially defined expectations of an individual in a given status or social position

• Some sociologists mistakenly regard social roles as unchanging parts of a society’s culture
• Socialization is a process in which humans can exercise agency
• Individuals come to understand and assume social roles through an ongoing process of social interaction

Question 23

Identity

Answer 23

The distinctive characteristics of a person’s (or a group’s) character that relate to who they are and what is meaningful to them

Some of the main sources of identify include gender, sexual orientation, nationality or ethnicity, and social class

Question 24

Social Identity

Answer 24

The characteristics that are attributed to an individual by others. All individuals have more than one social identity

Social identities mark way that individuals are the same as others.

Shared identities can be predicated on common goals, values, or lived experiences.

Question 25

Master Status

Answer 25

À single identity or status that overpowers all the other identities one holds

Question 26

Self-Identity

Answer 26

The ongoing process of self-development and definition of our personal identity through which we formulate a unique sense of ourselves and our relationship to the world around us. Characterized by individual agency and choice (may have over laps with our social identity/identities)

Question 27

5 Key Life Course Stages

Answer 27

- Childhood - Teenager - Young Adulthood - Midlife - Later Life

Question 28

Childhood

Answer 28

The concept of childhood has developed over the past two or three centuries The ideas that children have rights and that child labour is morally repugnant are recent developments

Question 29

Drop in Children Born

Answer 29

The numéro of children per family dropped in the nineteenth century as couples learned how to prevent pregnancy and desired fewer children.

Question 30

How Did The Logic of Child Rearing Change?

Answer 30

- Children’s individuality emerged as a valued ideal - The Calvinist notion that children harboured éveil spirits was replaced with the idea that children were blank slates of innocence

Question 31

1960’s Onwards Relating to Childhood

Answer 31

- Falling birth rates have made it possible for parent-child relationships to be more individually intensive. - The period of parenting is longer - Multigenerational living is less common, but as they live longer, some grandparents have grown closer to their fewer grandchildren.

Question 32

Teenager

Answer 32

The idea of the teenager didn’t exist until the (1900’s) early twentieth century. - In traditional cultures, children already worked alongside adults - In western societies, teenagers often try to act like adults, but they are treated by law as children

Question 33

Young Adulthood

Answer 33

Scholars have observed a « delayed transition to adulthood » among young people in the late 20th and early 21st centuries Young people define « adulthood » more in terms of abstract traits like self-reliance and happiness, rather than the attainment of particular milestones

Question 34

Frank Furstenberg

Answer 34

Identified 5 benchmarks considered critical to the adulthood transition. 1. Leaving the home of one’s parents 2. Finishing school 3. Getting married 4. Having a child 5. Being financially independent

Question 35

Midlife

Answer 35

The stage between young adulthood and old age, is generally believed to fall between the ages of 40/45 and 65 BUT, this age range is not fixed, as one’s entry to midlife tends to be signified by the social roles one adopts (or relinquishes) There is a new emphasis on looking ahead

Question 36

Later Life

Answer 36

Older adults comprise an increasingly large share of the population worldwide In traditional societies, the authority of both men and women increased with age. In industrialized societies, by contrast, older people tend to lack authority.