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Biology > 4.1 Biological Molecules > Flashcards

4.1 Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What elements are carbohydrate made of?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of carbohydrates?

A
  • Simple Sugars (1 sugar molecules)
  • Complex Sugars (2 sugar molecules)
  • Polysaccharides (Many sugar molecules)
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3
Q

What are the 3 types of simple sugars?

A

Glucose, fructose, and galactose

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4
Q

What is a simple sugar’s function?

A

To release quick energy

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5
Q

What foods are simple sugars found in?

A

Fruit, juices, and sugars

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of complex sugars?

A
  • Sucrose (Glucose & Fructose)
  • Maltose (Glucose & Glucose)
  • Lactose ( Glucose & Galactose
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7
Q

What is a complex sugar’s function?

A

To release quick energy or store energy temporarily

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8
Q

What foods are complex sugars found in?

A

Dairy products and fruit juices

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of Polysaccharides?

A
  • Starch (Plant energy storage)
  • Glycogen (Human energy storage)
  • Cellulose (Makes up cell wall in plant cell)
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10
Q

What foods are Polysaccharides found in?

A

Fruits, vegetables, beans, grains, pasta, and rice

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11
Q

What elements are lipids made up of?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, and oxygen

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12
Q

What are the subunits that make up a lipid?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

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13
Q

What makes a lipid either a fat or an oil?

A

The type of fatty acids

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14
Q

What type of fatty acids make up a fat?

A

Saturated fatty acids

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15
Q

What type of fatty acids make up an oil?

A

Unsaturated fatty acids

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16
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Saturated fatty acids contain single bonds with carbon and hydrogen (C-H). Unsaturated fatty acids contain double bonds between two carbons (C=C)

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17
Q

Why do unsaturated fatty acids contain double bonds between two carbons?

A

There is not enough hydrogen atoms

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18
Q

What happens to the structure of an oil due to the double carbon bonds of the oil’s unsaturated fatty acids?

A

It causes a bend in the fatty acids

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19
Q

Where are saturated fatty acids found?

A

In animal cells

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20
Q

Where are unsaturated fatty acids found?

A

In plant cells

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21
Q

What is the main function of lipids?

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A

Provides energy and the raw materials for growth

22
Q

What are some side functions that lipids have in our bodies?

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A

Possible answers:
- To store energy
- To insulate as fat deposits under the skin
- To build cell membranes
- To make hormones
- For buoyancy

23
Q

What deficiency disease can occur from a lack of lipids?

24
Q

What elements make up Proteins?

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A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen

25
Describe the structure of proteins
The basic units are amino acids, 2 of them make a dipeptide, and many of them make a polypeptide. A protein is either one polypeptide chain or many
26
What foods can lipids be found in?
Margaine oils, cooking oils, fish oils, omega oils, red meat, and dairy products
27
What are good protein food sources?
Red meat, eggs, fish, chicken, beans, peas, milk, and cheese
28
What is a deficiency disease caused by a lack of protein?
Kwashiorkor
29
What is the protein's functions in our bodies?
- Growth & tissue repair - Hormones - Protein carriers - Haemoglobin - Antibodies - Muscle cells, hair, and nails - Respiration energy when low amount of carbohydrates is present
30
Why are saturated fats considered unhealthy?
They may contain cholesterol, a sticky fat that overtime, can block arteries
31
What should we use to test for reducing sugars?
Benedict's reagent
32
When using Benedict's reagent, what is a negative result for testing for reducing sugars?
Remains dark blue
33
When using Benedict's reagent, what is a positive result for testing for reducing sugars?
Turns from blue to green to yellow/orange to brick red precipitate
34
Is heat required for a Benedict's reagent test? If so, how should it be heated?
Heat is required, and I must be heated using a water bath, this is because it is very reactive, and could spit or even explode if heated directly
35
What is the emulsion test?
The test for the presence of fat
36
What would we need other than the sample for the emulsion test?
Ethanol & distilled water
37
When carrying out the emulsion test, what would indicate a negative result?
If the solution stays colourless
38
When carrying out the emulsion test, what would indicate a positive result?
If the solution turns milky-white
39
What are we testing for when we use Biurets?
Protein
40
What would be a negative result for the Biuret's test?
Remains light blue
41
What would be a positive result for the Biuret's test?
Turns mauve, purple, or lilac
42
What does the intensity or the darkness of the positive result of the Biuret's test tell us about the amount of protein
The more intense/dark the purple/mauve/lilac colour is, the more protein is present
43
What do we use to test for vitamin C?
DCPIP
44
What is the negative result for the vitamin C test?
Remains very dark blue
45
What is the positive result for the vitamin C test?
Turns pink
46
What is the function of DNA?
It is the universal genetic code of life
47
What does DNA code for?
Proteins/Polypeptides
48
Describe the structure of DNA and how it works
It is a double helix, (2 strands coiled together), which are held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases. There are 4 types of bases, A, T, C, and G. A is complimentary with T, and C is complementary with G, and vice versa. The bases are attached to sugar-phosphate backbones. The base and the backbone together form a nucleotide, which contains a phosphate, a sugar, and a base all attached together
49
What is a chromosome?
A package of DNA wrapped around proteins during cell division
50
What is a gene?
A certain length or part of DNA that codes for a specific characteristic/protein

Biology (14 decks)

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