4.1 Communicable Diseases

Question 1

5 words/steps to remember cell communication and the specific immune response

Answer 1

Exposure/presentation, selection, expansion/proliferation, differentiation, action

Question 2

Lymphocytes

Answer 2

Smaller than pathogens
Large nucleus that almost fills the cell
Made in bone marrow

Question 3

2 types of lymphocytes

Answer 3

T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes

Question 4

T lymphocytes features

Answer 4

Mature in the thymus
Have highly specific receptors in their membrane

Question 5

What do T lymphocytes do

Answer 5

Respond to changed cells
Selection of correct T cell leads to differentiation into a variety of T cells

Question 6

‘Changed cells’ examples

Answer 6

Infected cells, antigen-presenting cells, ‘non-self’ cells, mutated cell

Question 7

4 types of T cells

Answer 7

T helper, T killer, T memory, T regulator

Question 8

B lymphocytes features

Answer 8

Remain in the bone marrow until mature
Congregate in lymph nodes and spleen

Question 9

What do B lymphocytes do

Answer 9

Have highly specific antibodies in the membrane

Selection of correct B cell leads to differentiation into ‘B plasma/effector’ cells (which produce antibodies) and ‘B memory cells

Question 10

What do T-lymphocytes form

Answer 10

Cell mediated response

Question 11

What do B lymphocytes form

Answer 11

The ‘humoral response’

Question 12

Exposure/presentation

Answer 12

Pathogens in body
Macrophages engulf pathogens and present the pathogen antigens on their own cell surface membrane

Question 13

Selection

Answer 13

Highly specific receptors - (T cells)
Antibody receptors- (B cells)
Cell is selected

Question 14

Expansion/proliferation

Answer 14

Selected cell divides by mitosis

Question 15

Differention

Answer 15

Cells differentiate for specific roles

Question 16

Action in T cells

Answer 16

The differentiated cells act

Question 17

T regulator cells

Answer 17

Suppress immune system acting to control and regulate it

Stops immune response once pathogen has been eliminated

Question 18

T killer cells

Answer 18

Destroys the infected cells carrying the antigen by producing a chemical called perforing which makes holes in the cell membrane so it is freely permeable allowing toxins to enter

Question 19

T memory cells

Answer 19

Remain in the blood and if it meets antigen again they divide rapidly forming clones of T killer cells that destroy pathogens

Question 20

T helper cells

Answer 20

Produce interleukins which stimulate activity of B cell, increasing antibody production

Question 21

B plasma cells

Answer 21

Makes antibodies and releases into circulation

Question 22

B effector cells

Answer 22

Divide to form the plasma cell clones

Question 23

B memory cells

Answer 23

Remember specific antigen and enable body to make a rapid response

Question 24

How many antibodies can each B cell produce

Answer 24

Each B cell can only produce one type of antibody and each B cell is unique