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B - Diodes And Semicon > 4.1 Semiconductions - Integrated Circuits > Flashcards

4.1 Semiconductions - Integrated Circuits Flashcards

1
Q

what are integrated circuits?

A

arrangements of several electronic components in a common housing

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2
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of IC?

A

Ad:
very high density
very compact
resistant to mechanical stress

Dis:
requires additional cooling
can’t be repaired

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3
Q

what components are usually found on an IC?

A

Semiconductors
resistors
capicitors

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4
Q

which amplifier is always in the input stage?

A

Differential amplifier

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5
Q

what amp is usually in the output stage?

A

push-pull power amp

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6
Q

in operational amplifiers, how are the inputs designated?

A

inverting input designated - sign
non-inverting input designated + sign

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7
Q

in operation amplifiers, where is the output voltage measured?

A

between the output terminal and the common terminal

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8
Q

in operation amplifiers, what signals can they amplify?

A

both AC and DC

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9
Q

what is an ideal operational amplifier? (4)

A

-infinite amplification
-infinite input resistance
-input voltage bordering on zero
-small output resistance

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10
Q

in operation amplifiers, what are the voltages of the positive and negatives?

A

+/- 5 to 18v

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11
Q

in operation amplifiers, what is the result if the differential input voltage is positive?

A

negative output voltage

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12
Q

in operation amplifiers, what is the result if the differential input voltage is negative?

A

positive output voltage

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13
Q

what is a circuit with more than one op amp on a chip called?

A

Monolithically integrated analogue circuit

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14
Q

in operation amplifiers, what is the benefits of a Monolithically integrated analogue circuit? (4)

A

-minimum space requirements
-high reliability
-small characteristic variance
-low manufacturing costs

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15
Q

where are op amps extensively used?

A

-signal conditioning
-filtering
-mathematical operations

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16
Q

what are operational amplifiers designed to do?

A

a voltage amplifying device to be used with external feedback components to perform a variety of operations

dependent on which feedback component (resistor, capacitor or both)

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17
Q

what is amplifiers gain?

A

an op amps output signal

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18
Q

what are the classifications of op amps gain? (4)

A

voltage = voltage ‘in’ and voltage ‘out’
current = current ‘in’ and current ‘out’
transconductance = voltage ‘in’ and current ‘out’
transresistance = current ‘in’ and voltage ‘out’

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19
Q

in operational amplifiers, what is the output voltage signal equal to?

A

the difference between signals applied at its 2 inputs

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20
Q

in operational amplifiers, what should the output do if an identical common signal is detected?

A

it should ignore the signal and there should be no change of the output

21
Q

in operational amplifiers, what is used for them to have very precise gain characteristics?

A

some form of negative feedback

22
Q

in operational amplifiers, what is differential input voltage?

A

where it responds only to the difference between the voltages on its input terminals

23
Q

in op amps, what is the ideal of open loop gain?

A

infinite

24
Q

in op amps, what is open loop gain?

A

gain of the op-amp without positive or negative feedback

25
Q

in op amps, what is the ideal for input impedance?

A

infinite

26
Q

in op amps, what is input impedance?

A

ratio of input voltage to input current

27
Q

in op amps, what is the ideal of output impedance?

A

zero

28
Q

in op amps, what is the ideal for bandwidth?

A

infinite

29
Q

in op amps, what is the ideal for offset voltage?

A

zero

30
Q

in op amps, what is op amps bandwidth?

A

the frequency range over which voltage gain of the amplifier is above 70.7% or -3dB of max output

31
Q

in op amps, at the detriment of high gain, but the gain of control of an op amp, what component is used to do this? and what is this called?

A

a suitable resistor across the amp from the output terminal to the inverting input

negative feedback

32
Q

in op amps, how is negative feedback achieved? what is does this produce?

A

by feeding back a fraction of the output signal onto the input signal on the negative “inverting input” terminal.

a closed loop circuit

33
Q

in op amps, what is effected through a closed loop circuit using negative feedback?

A

reduction of the amplifiers gain

34
Q

what is summing point?

A

the total of original input signal and any feedback signals provided by the output

35
Q

in inverting op amps, what are the two very important rules that they follow?

A
  1. no current flows into the input terminals
  2. v1 always equals v2
36
Q

what does the negative sign mean in the closed loop voltage gain equation?

A

output signal being 180 degrees out of phase
due feedback negative in value

37
Q

what is the construction of non-inverting op amp?

A

output voltage connected to the inverting “negative” terminal producing negative feedback.
input voltage connected directly to non-inverting terminal. output gain positive

38
Q

what are the benefits of a non-inverting op amp in a closed loop config? (3)

A

-very good stability
-very high input impedance
-low output impedance

39
Q

for overall closed loop gain, what will the value be?

A

always greater but never less than 1
positive
determined by the ratio of the values of Rf and R2

40
Q

for overall closed loop gain, what will the value be if the Rf is zero?

A

exactly equal to 1

41
Q

for overall closed loop gain, what will the value be if R2 is zero?

A

gain will approach inifity

42
Q

how are amplifiers secured to protect them?

A

that neither a short circuit to ground, or short circuit to positive or negative terminals will destory the amplifier

43
Q

what must a user do to op amps due to their sensitivity to high voltages?

A

compensate for asymmetry by external wiring

44
Q

what is offset voltage?

A

the voltage required at the input terminals in order to set the output voltage to zero

45
Q

at what voltage in the input terminals create a voltage at the output terminal?

A

potential of zero

46
Q

what affects offset voltage compensation? (2)

A

-the amplifier used
-how they’re wired

47
Q

in offset voltage compensation, how is a compensation voltage applied in a 709 series?

A

to the input terminal where there is no input voltage

48
Q

in offset voltage compensation, how is a compensation voltage applied in a 741 series?

A

by a 10 kilo ohm potentiometer leaving input terminal free

49
Q

in offset voltage compensation, how is a compensation voltage applied in a 748 series?

A

high-ohmic network leaving both input terminals free

B - Diodes And Semicon (14 decks)

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