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Hematology > Other > Flashcards

Other Flashcards

1
Q

most common cause of immune hemolytic anemia?

A

SLE

70% IgG Ab type (warm), 30% IgM Ab+complement type (cold)

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2
Q

what is lymphoma?

A

lymphoid neoplasms arising as discrete masses

solid tissue

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3
Q

define leukemia

A

lymphoid neoplasms with involvement of blood & bone marrow

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4
Q

what is the pathology of macrocytic anemia due to incr RBC membrane?

A

from lipid alterations assc’d with alcohol use

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5
Q

in anemia due to acute blood loss, what happens wtih intravascular shift?

A
  1. inttravascular shift of water from interstitial fluid compartment
  2. hemodilution: low PCV
  3. reduced EPO–>hyperplasia–>reticulocytes in peripheral blood
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6
Q

what does small RDW mean?

A

red cell distribution if uniform (normal)

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7
Q

what is hepcidin upregulated by?

A

IL-6, high circulating ferritin

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8
Q

what is hepcidin downregulated by?

A

hypoxia, low ferritin

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9
Q

what should EPO be co-administered with?

A

parenteral iron

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10
Q

3 alpha globin genes deleted results in what?

A

HbH disease

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11
Q

4 alpha globin genes deleted results in what?

A

fetal hydrops

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12
Q

what sort of anemia does use of methotrexate result in?

A

macrocytic anemia (b/c inhibits dihydrofolate reductase)

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13
Q

where is IF produced?

A

gastric parietal cells

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14
Q

how to calculate absoulte retic?

A

(RBC count x %retic)/100

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15
Q

which ROS should you include when someone may have anemia?

A

bleeding, malaise, fever, weight loss, NS, pica

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16
Q

where is folate absorbed?

A

jejunum

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17
Q

where is B12 absorbed?

A

ileum

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18
Q

does folate or B12 deficiency take longer to manifest?

A

B12, b/c there are large stores in body

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19
Q

how does NO inhalation result in B12 deficiency?

A

irreversibly oxidizs methylcobalamin to inactive precursor

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20
Q

pernicious anemia is most common in which demographic?

A

northern european, Af Am

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21
Q

in platelet activation, which factors contribute to vasoconstriction

A

TXA, serotonin, epi

22
Q

does the intrinsic or extrinsic pahway begin with tissue factor?

A

extrinsic pathway

23
Q

what is the key regulator of coagulation?

A

thrombin

24
Q

factor 1 is AKA

A

fibrinogen

25
Q

factor II is AKA

A

prothrombin

26
Q

factor IV is AKA

A

Ca

27
Q

which factors are produced in liver>

A

I, II, V, VII, IX, X, XI, XII

28
Q

extrinsic pathway leads to fast or slow cleavage of prothrombin?

A

slow cleavage of prothrombin–>generates low levels of thrombin

29
Q

what does thrombin activate?

A
  1. factor V

2. fibrinogen–>fibrin

30
Q

what is part of the prothrombinase complex?

A

factor 10a, factor Va, Ca

fxn: rapidly cleaves prothrombin

31
Q

what assembles on the endothelial cell membrane to signal start of intrinsic pathway?

A

factor XI, prekallikrein, HMWK

32
Q

key roles of thrombin

A
  1. cleave fibrinogen
  2. enhance clotting via +feedback
  3. induce platelet aggregation
  4. activate endothelial cells–>wound healing
33
Q

what things have endogenous anticoagulant activities?

A

thrombin, protein C & protein S, serpins, TFPI

34
Q

what is tPA inhbited by?

A

alpha2 antiplasmin

alpha2 macroglobulin

35
Q

virchow’s triad

A

factors predisposing to thrombosis

  1. endothelial injry
  2. blood stasis or flow turbulance
  3. blood hypercoagubility
36
Q

what effects do PGI2 & NO have?

A

prevent platelet adhesion

37
Q

ASA inhibits what part of platelet fxn?

A

prevents activation & release of platelets (no TXA signal)

38
Q

application of D-dimer?

A

degradation product of cross-linked fibrin

use to test for PE (high sensitivity, low specificity)

39
Q

what is antiphospholipid syndrome (lupus anticoagulant)?

A

Ab to phospholipid (ie. cardiolipin)
in vitro inhibits coag
in vivo induces coag

40
Q

what is the most common cause of preventable hospital death?

A

PE

41
Q

what is the 2nd most common medical complication?

A

postop VTE

42
Q

what is paradoxical embolus?

A

cardiac embolus passing to right side thru septal defect

43
Q

what are most infarctions due to?

A

arterial thrombosis

44
Q

which tissues are most vulnerable to hypoxia?

A

neuron(3-4 min) > heart (20-30min) > fibrous tissue (hours)

45
Q

which organs have end arterial blood supply?

A

spleen, kidneyrs

46
Q

which organs have dual blood supply?

A

lung, liver, hands

47
Q

what is the most common inciting factor for infarction?

A

central venous catheterization

48
Q

describe AT (III) deficiency

A

AD inheritance

thrombotic phenomena in adolescence, often first manifests as PE

49
Q

PC deficiency & PS deficiency

A

AD (PS+PC) and AR inheritance (PC)
thrombotic phenomena in adolescence
skin necrosis when warfarin tx given

50
Q

prothrombin G20210A mutation

A

mutation in non-coding part–>have higher levels of prothrombin–>higher risk thromboembolism
dx: DNA testing

51
Q

what is the #1 cause of thrombocytopenia from underproduction?

A

medications, drugs

Hematology (3 decks)

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