4.1.1 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons

Question 1

hydrocarbon definition

Answer 1

contains hydrogen and carbon atoms only

Question 2

saturated definition

Answer 2

contains only carbon-carbon single bonds

Question 3

unsaturated definition

Answer 3

contains carbon-carbon double bonds

Question 4

molecular formula definition

Answer 4

formula which shows the actual number of each type of atom

Question 5

empirical formula definition

Answer 5

simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

Question 6

general formula definition

Answer 6

algebraic formula for a homologous series

Question 7

structural formula definition

Answer 7

minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

Question 8

displayed formula definition

Answer 8

shows all the elements and the bonds present within a molecule

Question 9

skeletal formula definition

Answer 9

shows the simplified organic formula by removing any hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups

Question 10

aliphatic definition

Answer 10

a compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains or
non-aromatic rings

Question 11

alicyclic definition

Answer 11

an aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains

Question 12

aromatic definition

Answer 12

an aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains

Question 13

Homologous series definition

Answer 13

families of organic compounds with the same functional group and general formula
they show a gradual change in physical properties
each successive member differs by CH2
same chemical properties

Question 14

Functional group

Answer 14

An atom or group of atoms which when present in different molecules causes them to have similar chemical properties

Question 15

Alkanes

Answer 15

CnH2n+2

Ane

Question 16

Alkenes

Answer 16

CnH2n

Ene

Question 17

Alcohols

Answer 17

OH

Ol or hydroxy

Question 18

Haloalkanes

Answer 18

Chloro
Bromo
Iodo

Question 19

Aldehydes

Answer 19

C=O at end
al
Formyl

Question 20

Ketones

Answer 20

C=O in the middle
one
Oxo

Question 21

Carboxylic acids

Answer 21

C=O OH

oic acid

Question 22

Esters

Answer 22

C=O O

-yl-oate

Question 23

Order of priority

Answer 23

Carboxylic acids
Aldehydes
Ketones
Alcohols
Alkenes
Halogenoalkanes

Question 24

General rule for naming carbon chains

Answer 24

Count longest chain and name appropriately
Find any branched chains and count carbons
Add appropriate prefix

Question 25

Alkyl groups

Answer 25

``` Methyl Ethyl Propyl Butyl Pentyl Hexyl ```

Question 26

Naming Alkenes

Answer 26

Double bond between the carbon stakes the number of the lowest carbon it is attached to May have EZ isomers More than one double bond then diene or triene and stem ends in a Suffixes for alkenes can go in front of other suffixes

Question 27

Naming haloalkanes

Answer 27

Prefix fluoro chloro brook iodo

Question 28

Naming alcohols

Answer 28

OH group If di or tri then need e on stem name If alcohol has another group with higher priority then hydroxy-

Question 29

Naming aldehydes

Answer 29

Name ends in al C=O is always on carbon one If two aldehyde groups then di is before al and e is added to stem

Question 30

Naming ketones

Answer 30

End in one | If two ketones then di before one and e is added to stem

Question 31

Naming carboxylic acids

Answer 31

End oic acid | Dioic acid if two

Question 32

Naming esters

Answer 32

Name right to left | yl anoate

Question 33

Define structural isomer

Answer 33

Same molecular formula | Different structural formula

Question 34

How can structural isomers arise

Answer 34

Chain isomerism Position isomerism Functional group isomerism

Question 35

Define homolytic fission

Answer 35

Where each atom gets one electron from the covalent bond

Question 36

When a bond breaks by homolytic fission what forms

Answer 36

2 free radicals

Question 37

Define free radical

Answer 37

Reactive species which possessed an unpaired electron

Question 38

Define heterolytic fission

Answer 38

When a covalent bond breaks and one atom in the share gets both electrons

Question 39

What does heterolytic fission produce

Answer 39

Ions

Question 40

What do curly arrows show

Answer 40

Movement of electron pair showing either breaking or formation of a covalent bond

Question 41

Where do curly arrows start from

Answer 41

A lone pair of electrons or centre of a bond