4.1.1 Basic Concepts Of Organic Chemistry

Question 1

Stem based on number of carbons in the chain

Answer 1

1 - meth
2 - eth
3 - prop
4 - but
5 - pent
6 - hex
7 - hept
8 - oct
9 - non
10 - dec

Question 2

Alkane group

Answer 2

Suffix : -ane

Question 3

Alkene group

Answer 3

Functional group: C=C
Suffix: -ene

Question 4

Haloalkane

Answer 4

Functional group: C-X
Prefix: halo-

Question 5

Alcohol

Answer 5

Functional group: C-OH
Prefix: hydroxy-
Suffix: -ol

Question 6

Aldehyde

Answer 6

Functional group: C double bond O, single bond H
Prefix: oxo-
Suffix: -al

Question 7

Ketone

Answer 7

Functional group: O double bonded to a middle chain of C
Prefix: oxo-
Suffix: -one

Question 8

Carboxylic acid

Answer 8

Functional group: C double bond O, single bond OH
Suffix: -oic acid

Question 9

Esters

Answer 9

Functional group: C single bonded to O in chain, double bonded to O on side
Suffix: alkyl -anoate

Question 10

When are prefixes used?

Answer 10

When the functional group is outranked
The order is:
Alkane
Alkene
Haloalkane
Alcohol
Aldehyde
Ketone
Carboxylic aicd
Esters

Question 11

What is general formula?

Answer 11

The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series
For an alkane CnH2n+2

Question 12

What is structural formula?

Answer 12

For butane: CH3CH2CH2CH3
Or
CH3(CH2)2CH3

Question 13

What is empirical formula?

Answer 13

The simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound

Question 14

What is skeletal formula?

Answer 14

Hydrogen atoms are removed from alkyl chains, leaving a carbon skeleton and functional groups

Question 15

What is a homologous series?

Answer 15

A series of organic compounds having the same functional group but each successive member differing by CH2
Learn

Question 16

What is a functional group?

Answer 16

A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound

Question 17

What is an alkyl group?

Answer 17

A side chain with the general formula CnH2n+1

Question 18

What is an aliphatic?

Answer 18

A compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non-aromatic rings

Question 19

What is an alicyclic?

Answer 19

An aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains

Question 20

What is an aromatic?

Answer 20

A compound containing a benzene ring

Question 21

Draw displayed and structural formula of benzene

Answer 21

See notes

Question 22

What is a side chain of benzene?

Answer 22

Phenyl
C6H5

Question 23

What is saturated?

Answer 23

Single carbon-carbon bonds only

Question 24

What is unsaturated?

Answer 24

The presence of multiple carbon-carbon bonds including
C=C, C=-C and aromatic rings

Question 25

What is a structural isomer?

Answer 25

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

Question 26

What is chain isomerism?

Answer 26

Differences in the carbon chain Butane and methylpropane

Question 27

What is positional isomerism?

Answer 27

Chemical group(?) is located on a different position on the carbon chain Butan-1-ol and butan-2-ol

Question 28

What is functional group isomerism?

Answer 28

The functional group is at a different position on the carbon chain, making a different type of compound Propanone and propanal

Question 29

When do cis and trans isomers occur?

Answer 29

Only with double bonds

Question 30

What are cis and trans rules

Answer 30

A. E C=C B. D To be cis or trans A /= B and E/=D And A or B = D or E

Question 31

Draw cis and trans isomer example

Answer 31

See notes

Question 32

How to find E/Z isomerism?

Answer 32

- must have a C=C and both carbons must be attached to different groups 1. Locate the C=C and redraw (displayed formula) 2. Give number of priority for each substituent on each C atoms based on ATOMIC NUMBER 3. If highest priority on same side of C=C then isomer is Z (TOGETHER) 4. If highest priority on different sides of C=C then isomer is E (AGAINST)

Question 33

What are stereoisomers?

Answer 33

Compounds with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement in space

Question 34

State and explain the features that lead to E/Z isomerism?

Answer 34

- must be C=C to ensure that there is no free rotation - 2 different groups of atoms attached so that priority can be assigned