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Biology > 4.1.1 communicable disease, disease prevention and the immune system > Flashcards

4.1.1 communicable disease, disease prevention and the immune system Flashcards

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1
Q

non specific defences

A

physical and chemical defences and phagocytosis

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2
Q

specific defences

A

responses producing antibodies and cytotoxic cells specific to the invading pathogen

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3
Q

examples of non specific defences

A

skin
mucus membrane
expulsive reflexes
inflammation

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4
Q

how does the skin work as a non specific defence

A

prevents entry of the pathogen
has flora of healthy micro organisms that outcompete the pathogens on body surface
produces sebum

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5
Q

what is sebum

A

oily substance that inhibits growth of pathogens

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6
Q

how does the mucus membrane work as a non specific defence

A

secrete sticky mucus
traps micro organisms
contains lysosomes which destroy bacteria and fungal cell walls
contain phagocytes

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7
Q

how does expulsive reflexes work as a non specific defence

A

coughs and sneezes eject pathogen laden mucus
vomiting and diahorrea expel contents and pathogens

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8
Q

how does inflammation work as a non specific defence

A

localised response to pathogens
mast cells are activated in damage tissues and release histamines and cytokines

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9
Q

what do histamines do

A

make blood vessels dilate causing localised heat and redness
make capillaries leaky = more plasma leaks out becoming tissue fluid = pain and swelling
dilated arterioles increase blood flow to area bringing more white blood cells
neutrophils squeeze through gaps and engulf + destroy pathogens

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10
Q

what does cytokines do

A

attract more phagocytes

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11
Q

blood clotting cascade

A

damaged tissue
platelets are activated by damaged tissue and serotonin constricts blood flow in area
thromboplastin enzyme and Ca2+ catalyses prothrombin into thrombin
thrombin catalyses formation of fibrinogen into fibrin to form the clot

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12
Q

Phagocytosis

A

microbe adheres to pathogen
phagocyte engulfs particle
phagocytotic vesicle containing microbe antigen and lysosome fuse
forms phagolysosome
microbe is killed and digested by lysosomal enzymes
indigestible material is removed by exocytosis

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13
Q

phagocytosis with antigen presenting ->
macrophage

A

phagocyte attracted by chemical produced by pathogen
phagocyte recognises pathogen as non-self + binds
phagocyte engulfs pathogen to form phagosome
lysosome binds to form phagolysosome
enzyme breaks down pathogen in phagolysosome
digested pathogen absorbed by phagocyte antigen combine with MHC in cytoplasm
MHC complex is displayed on phagocyte membrane making antigen presenting cell

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14
Q

what are opsonin’s produced by

A

B cells

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15
Q

what do opsonin’s do

A

bind to pathogen so phagocyte recognises them more easily

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16
Q

what is a cascade

A

sequence of events one after each other

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17
Q

why is high temp a symptom of many infectious diseases

A

prevent pathogen reproducing

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18
Q

Function of calcium ion in blood clotting cascade

A

cofactor for prothrombin

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19
Q

why is fibrinogen converted into fibrin

A

so it becomes insoluble and fibrous to hold the clot together

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20
Q

macrophages

A

engulf and digest pathogen except the antigen which it displays on their own cell surface membrane to become antigen presenting cell (APC)

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21
Q

why can phagocytes pass from blood into tissue fluid

A

multi lobed nucleus so can fit through leaky walls of capillary

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22
Q

parasite

A

organism that lives in a host cell to get there food from the host

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23
Q

Antibody definition

A

protein produced by white blood cells - lymphocytes that is complementary to a specific antigen

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24
Q

Antigen definition

A

protein on the surface of a cell or veins that is required by the immune system as self or non-self

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25
why might a patient who receives a organ transplant is at risk of rejecting the organ
antigens on transplanted organ may be recognised as non self so triggers immune response
26
how to reduce risk of rejection of transplanted organs
give immunosuppressants to reduce immune system activity tissue typing- check antigens compared to donors until close a match as possible
27
why are lymphocytes called lymphocytes
mostly live in lymph
28
B cells
made and develop in bone marrow begin to produce antibodies as they mature which are placed in membrane where they're called B cell receptors
29
once B cells are activated what do they produce
antibodies carry out humoral response which help phagocyte clear up infection
30
where do t cells develop and made
made in bone marrow develop in thymus gland
31
cell mediated response
antigen presenting cell reaches immature t cell in lymph APC presents foreign antigen to immature t cell APC binds to t cell with most complementary receptor to foreign antigen - clonal selection triggers selected t cell to divide rapidly by mitosis- clonal expansion mature T cells produced differentiate to form 4 types - t killer, helper ,regulator ,memory t killer binds to infected body cells + destroys them by making holed in their plasma membrane t helpers help to activate humoral response by binding to complementary immature b cell also secrete cytokines to attract phagocytes
32
Humoral response
invading pathogen comes into contact with naïve b cell with complementary receptor to antigen b cell engulfs pathogen- processes antigen to become APC activated T helper cell binds to b cell via presented antigen- clonal selection interleukins are produced by t helper released to activate selected b cell b cell divides - clonal expansion clonal b cells differentiate into plasma cells and memory b cells plasma cells produce vast numbers of antibodies to help phagocytes clear infection memory B cells in blood stream ready to be activated quickly if person is injected with same pathogen again
33
how does vaccination make us immune to disease
initial antigen exposure in vaccine primary response is launched- clonal selection, expansion and differentiation after memory cells remain second antigen exposure is when you are infected with real pathogen secondary response launched - clonal selection is not needed clonal expansion + differentiation occur more antibodies produced quicker no symptoms
34
vaccination programmes
system of vaccinations and boosters that is designed to control diseases on a local, national and global scale
35
who does mass vaccinations protect
vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals herd immunity
36
routine vaccinations
completed in childhood eg MMR, polio, meningitis C
37
what is a medicine
a chemical that can be used to treat disease
38
where were medicines originally extracted from
plants microorganisms
39
what can medicines do
cure diseases treat symptoms of disease
40
personalised medicine
involves selecting and administering combination of drugs to patient based on their own genetic makeup can be used to treat cancer
41
synthetic biology
branch of biotechnology that involves redesigning biological organisms molecules and systems for medicine involves editing existing chemical structures to make them more effective against a particular pathogen or disease eg if its become resistant
42
structures of an antibody
binding site hinge region variable constant region disulphide bond https://docs.google.com/document/d/1G7cBI-SBifSmuVNbZMnU1JsYktObN0CvUgXj21SRqGg/edit
43
function of hinge region on an antibody
provides molecule with flexibility allowing it to bind to 2 separate antigens
44
function of variable region on an antibody
different in every antibody molecule so each antibody is specific to a particular antigen
45
function of constant region on an antibody
same on every antibody binds to receptors on phagocytes and mast cells
46
function of disulphide bonds on an antibody
hold chains together
47
4 ways you can become immune to a disease by
vaccination catching disease once and fighting it off babies get antibodies from mothers blood and colostrum injection of antibodies - tetanus
48
immunity definition
ability of an organism to resist a particular infection or toxin by the action of specific antibodies or memory cells
49
what are the types of immunity
active passive natural artificial
50
active immunity definition
having memory cells that are able to make antibodies to a particular antigen
51
passive immunity definition
being given antibodies to a particular pathogen made by a different organism
52
natural immunity definition
when you're not given an injection
53
artificial immunity definition
due to an injection
54
how does passive immunity protect you against disease
antibodies act as opsonin's and agglutinins and anti toxins they bind to antigen on pathogen and phagocyte aid phagocytosis by acting as opsonin's and agglutinins
55
how does active immunity protect you against disease
your cells produce memory cells
56
when does primary immune response occur
when you're first exposed to a pathogen vaccine or catching the disease
57
what does the primary immune response involve
full cell mediated and humoral response
58
why is the primary immune response slower
there's no previous immunity or memory cells
59
what are the 3 main stages of cell mediated and humoral response
clonal selection clonal expansion differentiation
60
how do memory cells work
they continue to secrete a small amount of high affinity antibodies
61
immunological memory
memory cells secreting high affinity antibodies
62
when does the secondary immune response occur
when you get exposed to the pathogen for a second time
63
what happens when the body is exposed to the same antigen again
low levels of free antibodies are in the blood and bind to the antigens on the pathogens triggers T and B cell response
64
why are T and B cells activated quicker in secondary response
clonal selection doesn't need to occur
65
difference between primary and secondary antibody response
secondary is faster and produces a higher concentration of antibodies
66
how do antibodies to measles come present in children at birth
from the blood shared in the placenta from the mother
67
type of cell that produces antibodies
B cells
68
autoimmune disease
immune system stop recognizing "self" cells and starts to attack healthy body tissue
69
what does autoimmune disease result in
causes chronic inflammation or complete breakdown and destruction of healthy tissue
70
what is a treatment of autoimmune diseases
immunosuppressant drugs to prevent immune system from working
71
3 autoimmune diseases
type 1 diabetes rheumatoid arthritis lupus
72
body part affected and treatment of type 1 diabetes
insulin secreting cells of pancreas treatment= insulin injections pancreas transplants immunosuppressant drugs
73
body part affected and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
joints in hand, wrists, ankle, feet treatments = no cure anti-inflammatory drugs steroids immunosuppressants pain relief
74
body part affected and treatment of lupus
affects skin and joints and causes fatigue can attack any organ in the body including kidney, liver, lungs or brain
75
what do antibodies do
make process of phagocytosis faster and more efficient destroy toxins produced by bacteria
76
what can antibodies act as
opsonin's agglutinins antitoxins
77
what do opsonins do
make complex easier to be engulfed and digested bind to pathogen via antigen and acts as tag
78
what do agglutinins do
cause pathogen carrying antigen- antibody complexes to clump together preventing them from spreading to body so phagocyte can engulf more at a time
79
what do antitoxins do
neutralise toxins - toxins released by bacteria bind to toxin and neutralise it preventing them from binding to the cell and causing damage

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