Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > 4.1.1 Communicable Diseases > Flashcards

4.1.1 Communicable Diseases Flashcards

(64 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Give 3 examples of Direct Transmission (IN ANIMALS)

A
  • Direct Contact
  • Inoculation
  • Ingestion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Give 3 examples of Indirect Transmission (IN ANIMALS)

A
  • Vectors
  • Droplets
  • Fomites
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Give some examples of Transmission through Direct Contact (IN ANIMALS)

A
  • Touching
  • Kissing
  • Sexual Contact
  • Contact with cuts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Give some examples of Transmission through Inoculation (IN ANIMALS)

A
  • Animal bites
  • Sharing needles
  • Cuts in skin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Give some examples of Transmission through Ingestion (IN ANIMALS)

A
  • Drinking and eating contaminated water and food
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Give some examples of transmission through vectors (IN ANIMALS)

A
  • Animals that pass the pathogen to humans (e.g. mosquitoes - malaria)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Give some examples of transmission through Droplets (IN ANIMALS)

A
  • Mucus and saliva when sneezing / coughing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Give some examples of transmission through Fomites (IN ANIMALS)

A

Dirty bedding, socks and cosmetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Give some examples of Transmission through Direct Contact (IN PLANTS)

A
  • Contact of leaves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Explain how disease is spread through contaminated soil in plants.

A

Pathogens and their spores can remain in the soil and infect the roots of the subsequent plants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Explain how disease is spread through Vectors in plants.

A

Wind, water, animals and humans can all carry pathogens and spores from one plant to another.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do plants protect themselves from pathogens?

A
  • Barriers to prevent entry (e.g. Waxy cuticle)
  • Antibacterial chemicals and proteins as a defence against bacterial infections.
  • Physical defences to prevent bacteria from spreading (e.g. Callose, Lignin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name some defences against pathogens in humans

A
  • Skin
  • Blood clots
  • Mucus membranes
  • Expulsive Reflexes
  • Inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an alternative name for ‘antibodies’

A

Immunoglobulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what do antibodies bind to

A

antigens on pathogens or toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the structure of an antibody

A

2 light chains, 2 long chains (identical)

heavy and light chains are held together by disuplhide bridges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do antibodies bind to antigens

A

lock and key mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do antigens and antibodies form when binding

A

antigen-antibody complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how many amino acids are in an antibodie’s binding site

A

110

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the variable region

A

the binding site where there are 110 amino acids on the heavy and light chain that have different shapes on every antibody.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the constant region

A

the part of the antibody that isnt the variable region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does the constant region do in an antibody

A

allows the antibodies to bind to immune cells to trigger immune responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the hinge region of an antibody

A

provides flexibility to bind to two separate antigens (one at each binding site)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the 3 ways antibodies can neutralise pathogens/toxins

A
  1. block antigens on pathogens by functioning as opsonins
  2. prevent entry into host cells by functioning as agglutinins
  3. bind to toxins to function as antitoxins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are Antitoxins
antibodies bind to toxins produced by pathogens to neutralise them
26
Describe how antibodies act as Agglutinins
pathogens carrying antigen-antibody complexes clump together which prevents the spread of pathogens because the clump is too large for the pathogens to enter host cells. The agglutinins increases the likelihood of phagocytes engulfing more pathogens at the same time
27
Describe how Antibodies act as Opsonins
antibodies bind to antigens on pathogens and mark them for recognition by phagocytes, so the antigen-antibody complex is easily engulfed and destroyed by phagocytes
28
What is a communicable disease
A disease spread from one organism to another
29
What's the difference between a microorganism and a pathogen
pathogen is a microorganism which can cause disease
30
are bacteria prokaryotes or eukaryotes
prokaryotes
31
What colour does gram positive bacteria appear
purple (blue under light microscope)
32
what colour does gram negative bacteria appear
red under a light microscope
33
What are the different bacterial shapes
Bacillus Chain of Bacilli coccus pair of cocci chain of cocci vibrio (comma shaped) spirillum (spiral shaped) Spirochaete (corkscrew shaped)
34
what are the 4 shapes of viruses
Helical Polyhedral spherical complex
35
are viruses living or non living
non living
36
what is the smallest pathogen
viruses
37
how big are viruses
0.02-3 micrometres
38
What are viruses generally made up of
genetic material encapsulated in protein
39
Describe the mechanism of action of a virus
insert viral genetic material into the DNA of the host cells to take over the cell's metabolism and change its biochemistry to produce new viruses which will burst out of the cell, destroying it and spreading to the other cells
40
What are Bacteriophages
viruses that attack bacteria cells, they use the cell to replicate and destroy the bacteria cell. bacteriophages are specific to one type of bacteria and may not be able to attack cells if they mutate
41
are fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic
prokaryotic
42
are fungi multi or single celled
both (some multi eg hyphae) (some single eg yeast)
43
how do fungi get nutrients
fungi cant photosynthesis so they digest their food extracellularly and absorb the nutrients
44
describe a fungi's mechanism of action
fungi produce millions of tiny spores which can spread huge distances through air and water. These spores can infect organism and use their hosts to grow into fungal cells. Eventually fungal cells will digest the host's living cells and destroy them.
45
Are protoctista single celled or multi celled
unicellular (single celled)
46
Are protoctista eukaryotes or prokaryotes
eukaryotes
47
Describe the protoctista method of action
Reproducing inside a cell, eventually bursting and breaking apart the cell and digesting the cell contents as they reproduce
48
Give 6 diseases in plants
- Tobacco mosaic virus - Ring rot - Potato/Tomato blight - Late blight - Crown gail - Ash dieback
49
What is ring rot caused by
bacteria
50
what are the affects of ring rot
damage to leaves, tubers and fruits
51
what plants are affected by ring rot
potatoes, tomatoes and aubergines
52
What is Tobacco Mosaic Virus caused by
virus
53
what plants does Tobacco Mosaic Virus affect
tobacco plants and approximately 150 other species
54
what does Tobacco Mosaic Virus cause
damage to leaves, flowers and fruits of plants
55
What is late blight caused by
protoctista
56
What does late blight do
Hyphae penetrates the host cells and destroys leaves, tubers and fruits of the plants
57
what is black sigatoka caused by
fungi
58
what does black sigatoka do
attacks and destroys leaves as the hyphae penetrate and digest cell contents, turning leaves black
59
What is Tuberculosis caused by
bacteria
60
what does tuberculosis do
damages and destroys lung tissue and supresses immune system (leads to formation of small hard nodules in tissues as the body attempts to wall off the bacteria)
61
what is bacterial meningitis caused by
bacteria
62
what does bacterial meningitis do
infects the meninges of the brain which can spread to the rest of the body causing septiraemia and rapid death
63
What is HIV/AIDS caused by
virus
64

Biology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions