4.1.1 Organic compounds Flashcards
4.1.1 organic chemistry 4.1.1 nomenclature of organic compounds (48 cards)
Why is carbon unique/ special
- it can form single, double and triple bonds to itself and other elements
- Both C-C and C-H bonds are strong and non-polar
- C-C bonds can form chains or rings
- Carbon atoms cannot have more than 8 electrons in their outer shell, always forming 4 bonds in total.
define hydrocarbon
a hydrocarbon is a compound that contains hydrogen and carbon only
define saturated hydrocarbon
A saturated hydrocarbon has single bonds only
define unsaturated hydrocarbon
An unsaturated hydrocarbon contains carbon-carbon multiple bonds
Define homologous series
a series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH₂
the simplist homologous series is alkanes
Define functional group
the atom(s) of the organic molecule responsible for its chemical reactions.
what are the classifications of hydrocarbons
- aliphatic
- alicyclic
- aromatic
define aliphatic
a compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non-aromatic rings
define alicyclic
an aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains
define aromatic
a compound containing a benzene ring
What are the 3 homologous series of aliphatic hydrocarbons
- alkanes
- alkenes
- alkynes
define alkanes
The hydrocarbon homologous series with single c-c bonds
and the general formula CnH2n+2
define alkenes
the hydrocarbon homologous series with at least one double C=C bond.
And the general formula of CnH2n
define alkynes
the hydrocarbon homologous series with one triple carbon-carbon bond
and the general formula of CnH2n-2
How is a systematic name broken down
It consists of 3 parts:
* the stem - (the stem) of the name indicates the number of carbon atoms in the longestcontinuous chain in the molecule
* the prefix - (the prefix) can be added before the stem, often indicating the presence of side chains or a functional group.
* a suffix - (a suffix) is added afterthe stem to indicate functional groups
What are the steps for naming a aliphatic alkane
- All alkanes have the suffix -ane
- identify the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms - provides the stem
- identify side chains (known as alkyl groups) - prefix
- add numbers before any alkyl group to show the position on the parent chain.
List the first 10 alkane stems
- meth-
- eth-
- prop-
- but-
- pent-
- hex-
- hept-
- oct-
- non-
- dec-
List the first 10 alkyl groups
- methyl
- ethyl
- propyl
- butyl
- pentyl
- hexyl
- heptyl
- octyl
- nonyl
- decyl
What chain is the longest carbon chain if there are two+ of equal length
The chain with the most branches is considered the longest
what are the steps for naming an alicyclic alkane
- identify the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms
- add the prefix cyclo-
What are the steps for naming an alkene
- alkene suffix is -ene
- identify the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms for the stem
- identify the location of the double bond - add between the stem and the suffix
what are the steps for naming compounds containing a functional group
- identify the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms - the stem is the name of the corresponding alkane.
- identify any functional groups and any alkyl side chains and select the appropriate prefixes or suffixes for them
- number any alkyl groups and functional groups to indicate their position on the longest unbranched chain.
What is the functional group for alkenes
C=C
What is the functional group for alcohol
-OH
