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BRS 4: Endocrinology > 4.11: The reproductive system (part 2 of 3) > Flashcards

4.11: The reproductive system (part 2 of 3) Flashcards

1
Q

What does tubular fluid reabsorption result in

A

Concentration (induced by oestrogen)

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2
Q

What does the epididymis secrete into the epididymis fluid

A

Nutrients and glycoproteins
(Induced by androgens)

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3
Q

How far does the sperm travel from the testis to fallopian tube

A

100,000 x it’s length

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4
Q

What does Semen contain (3)

A

Spermatozoa 15-120 million/ml
Seminal fluid 2-5ml
Leuococytes
(Potentially viruses: hep B, HIV)

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5
Q

How many spermatozoa in ejaculate enter the cervix

A

1/100

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6
Q

How many sperm enter the ovum from the cervix

A

1/10,000

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7
Q

Overall how many sperm reach the ovum

A

1/1 million

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8
Q

Where does seminal fluid mainly arise from (3)

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Bulbourethral glands
(Small contribution from epididymis/ testis)

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9
Q

Capacitation of sperm

A

Achieve fertilising capability in the female reproductive tract

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10
Q

3 ways sperm becomes capacitance

A

Loss of glycoprotein coat
Change in surface membrane characteristics
Develop whiplash movement of tail

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11
Q

Where does sperm capacitation occur

A

Ionic and proteolytic environment of the fallopian tube

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12
Q

What 2 things is sperm capacitation dependent on

A

Oestrogen
Ca2+

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13
Q

What is the sperm receptor on the egg

A

ZP3

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14
Q

In the acrosome reaction

A

Ca2+ influx into sperm - Stimulated by progesterone
Release of hyaluronidase and proteolytic enzymes (from acrosome)
Spermatozoon penetrates the zona pellucida

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15
Q

Where does fertilisation occur

A

Within the fallopian tube

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16
Q

What does fertilisation trigger

A

Cortical reaction

17
Q

What happens in the cortical reaction

A

Cortical granules release molecules which degrade Zona Pellucida
Preventing further sperm binding as no receptors
Haploid -> Diploid

18
Q

What is the conceptus

A

Embryo in the uterus, especially during early stages of pregnancy

19
Q

Development of conceptus

A

Continues to divide as it moves down fallopian tube to uterus (3-4days)

20
Q

What does the conceptus receive nutrients from

A

Uterine secretions

21
Q

How long can the conceptus free living phase last for

A

9-10 days

22
Q

Two phases of Implantation

A

Attachment phase
Decidualisation phase

23
Q

In the attachment phase

A

Outer trophoblast cells contact uterine surface epithelium

24
Q

What does the attachment phase trigger

A

Decidualisation phase

25
Q

What occurs in the Decidualisation phase

A

Changes in underlying uterine stromal tissue (within a few hours)

26
Q

What does implantation require

A

Progesterone domination in the presence of oestrogen

27
Q

What two hormones aid implantation

A

LIF - leukaemia inhibitory factor
IL11 - interleukin-11

28
Q

How does LIF aid implantation

A

LIF from endometrial cells stimulates adhesion of blastocyst to endometrial cells

29
Q

How does IL11 aid implantation

A

IL11 from endometrial cells is released into uterine fluid, and may be involved

30
Q

4 endometrial changes due to progesterone

A

Glandular epithelial secretion
Glycogen accumulation in stromal cell cytoplasm
Growth of capillaries
Increased vascular permeability (-> oedema)

31
Q

Factors involved in Decidualisation

A

Interleukin 11
Histamine
Prostaglandins
TGF B -> promotes angiogenesis

32
Q

Progesterone and oestrogen production in the first 40 days

A

Produced in corpus luteum (maternal ovary) and stimulated by hCG which acts on LH receptors
Essential for developing fetoplacental unit
Inhibits maternal LH and FSH ( negative feedback )

33
Q

Progesterone and oestrogen production from day 40

A

Placenta takes over

34
Q

What 4 hormones does DHEAS stimulate the placenta to produce

A

Progesterone
Oestradiol
Oestrone
Oestriol

35
Q

What 6 maternal hormones increase during pregnancy

A

ACTH
Adrenal steroids
Prolactin
IGF-1 (stimulated by placental GH- variant
Iodothyronines
PHT related peptides

36
Q

What 6 maternal hormones decrease during pregnancy

A

Gonadotropins
Pituitary GH
TSH

37
Q

3 functions of oxytocin

A

Uterine contraction
Cervical dilation
Milk ejection

38
Q

Endocrine control of lactation

A

Suckling on the nipple (stimulus)
Neural pathways travel to hypothalamus
Hypothalamus signals to pituitary
Neurohypophysis - oxytocin - milk ejection
Adenohypophysis - prolactin - milk synthesis

BRS 4: Endocrinology (10 decks)

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