4.1.1.3 Cell Specialisation Flashcards
(16 cards)
1
Q
What are sperm cells specialised for?
A
- reproduction
2
Q
What is the function of a sperm?
A
- to get the male DNA to the female DNA (egg cell - ovum)
3
Q
How are sperm cells adapted to do their function?
A
- long tail and streamlined head to help it swim to the egg
- a lot of mitochondria (where respiration happens) in the cell to provide energy needed
- carries enzymes in its acrosome (top of head) to digest through egg cell membrane
4
Q
What are nerve cells specialised for?
A
- rapid signalling
5
Q
What is the function of a nerve cell?
A
- to transmit electrical signals from one part of the body to another
6
Q
How are nerve cells adapted to do their function?
A
- axon is long to cover more distance
- have dendrites (branched connections) at their ends to connect to other nerve cells and form a network throughout the body
7
Q
What are muscle cells specialised for?
A
- contraction
8
Q
What is the function of a muscle cell?
A
- to contract quickly to move bones or movement
9
Q
How are muscle cells adapted to do their function?
A
- long so that they have space to contract
- contain lots of mitochondria to provide energy needed for contraction
- special proteins (myosin and actin) slide over each other which causes the muscle to contract
- store glycogen (used in respiration) in mitochondria
10
Q
What are root hair cells specialised for?
A
- absorbing water (via osmosis) and minerals (via active transport)
11
Q
Where are root hair cells located?
A
- tips of roots
12
Q
How are root hair cells adapted to do their function?
A
- large surface area due to root hairs so more water can move in
- large permanent vacuole affects speed of movement of water from soil to cell
- mitochondria provide energy from respiration for the active transport of minerals into the root hair cell
13
Q
What are xylem cells specialised for?
A
- to transport water and minerals into ions up the plant from the roots to the shoots
14
Q
How are xylem cells adapted to do their function?
A
- lignin is deposited which causes the cells to die, they become hollow and are joined end-to-end from a continuous tube so water and minerals into ions can move through
- lignin is deposited in spirals which helps the cells withstand the pressure from water movement
15
Q
What are phloem cells specialised for?
A
- carry the products of photosynthesis to all parts of the plant
16
Q
How are phloem cells adapted to do their function?
A
- cell walls of each cell form sieve plants when they break down, allowing the movement of substances from cell to cell
- despite losing many sub-cellular structures, energy needed to supply to keep cells alive is supplied by mitochondria of companion cells
