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Chemistry HWAM > 4.1.2 Organic Chemistry 2 > Flashcards

4.1.2 Organic Chemistry 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Primary alcohol

A

The carbon attached to the OH group is attached to only 1 alkyl group

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2
Q

Secondary alcohol

A

The carbon attached to the OH group is attached to 2 alkyl groups

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3
Q

Tertiary alcohol

A

The carbon attached to the OH group is attached to 3 alkyl groups

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4
Q

3 properties of alcohol

A
  1. can form hydrogen bonds as there is a hydrogen bonded to an electronegative atom (NOF)
  2. Soluble in water due to hydrogen bonds being able to bond with water (the longer the chain the less soluble)
  3. Relatively low volatility compared with alkanes due to hydrogen bonding with other alcohol molecules
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5
Q

Products of complete and incomplete combustion of alcohol.

A

complete- water and CO2
incomplete- CO, C and water
same as alkanes

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6
Q

what is used to oxidise alcohols/refux

A

Potassium dichromate K2Cr2O7

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7
Q

Oxidisation of primary alcohols with excess potassium dichromate

A

when heated under reflux they will first oxidise into aldehyde then further into carboxylic acid.

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8
Q

Product of Oxidation of secondary alcohols

A

Ketones

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9
Q

Oxidation of Tertiary alcohols

A

Will not be easily oxidised and have no reaction with potassium dichromate

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10
Q

How to get a aldehyde from a primary alcohol

A

first reflux and distil the products to prevent further reactions.

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11
Q

what is formed when water is removed from alcohol

A

alkenes

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12
Q

Elimination/Dehydration of Alcohol

A

Heat with an acid catalyst (H3PO4 or H2SO4)
OH and adjacent H atoms are removed to form H2O and alkene

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13
Q

Substitution reaction of alcohol with a Hydrogen halide, method, overall equation

A

heat alcohol under reflux with H2SO4 and a sodium halide.
the sodium halide will produce a hydrogen halide in situ.
alcohol + sodium halide + H2SO4 –> haloalkane + NaHSO4 + water

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14
Q

Nucleophile definition

A

electron pair donor

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15
Q

Reactivity of Haloalkanes

A

Halogens are more electronegative than carbon and therefore C-X bonds will be polarised, meaning they are able to react with nucleophiles.

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16
Q

Nucleophilic substitution mechanism

A

Nucleophile approaches the haloalkane from the opposite side to the halogen, to minimise repulsion
Carbon halogen bond breaks by heterolytic fission
Alcohol and a halide ion are formed

17
Q

2 factors for speed of nucleophilic substitution

A
  1. Tertiary, secondary or primary- tertiary haloalkanes will react the fastest and primary slowest due to the slightly different mechanism.
    2.Bond enthalpy- the higher the bond enthalpy the slower the reaction,
18
Q

Why are tertiary carbocations the most stable

A

Each alkyl group will push electron density towards the positive carbocation increasing stability.

19
Q

what are CFCs

A

Chlorofluorocarbons
Haloalkanes where are the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by either fluorine or chlorine.

20
Q

Properties of CFCs

A

Very stable
volatile
non-flammable
non-toxic

21
Q

Uses of CFCs

A

Fridges, aerosol cans, dry cleaning, air conditioning

22
Q

what is the ozone layer

A

area 10-40km above earth surface that absorbs harmful UV-B rays from the sun that cause skin cancer

23
Q

How is ozone formed

A

O2 molecules are broken down into radicals via UV.
These free radicals combine with O2 molecules create O3 (ozone) molecules.

24
Q

equation for the formation of ozone

A

O2 –> O’ + O’
O + O2 –> O3

25
Q

CFCs affect on ozone

A

create radicals in the upper atmosphere that act as a catalyst that destroys ozone molecules

26
Q

equations to show effect of chlorine radicals on the ozone.

A

Cl’ + O3 –> O2 + ClO’
ClO’ + O’ –> O2 + Cl’

O3 + O –> 2O2

27
Q

NO radicals, production and eqauations in the ozone

A

Produced by aircraft engines and thunderstorms.
NO’ + O3 –> NO2’ + O2
NO2’ + O –> NO’ + O2

28
Q

How does IR spectroscopy work

A

IR radiation causes covalent bond to vibrate more and absorb energy
Different bonds absorb energy at different wavelengths
This allows us to identify the bonds in a chemical

29
Q

uses of IR spectroscopy

A

Analysis of atmospheric gases
monitor air pollution
Breathalysers

30
Q

Limitations of IR spectroscopy

A

Only identifies the function groups and bonds
has to be pure substance

31
Q

what is Mass Spectrometry used for

A

to find the mass of atoms
can identify compounds

32
Q

How does Mass spectrometry work

A

VIADD
the sample is first vaporised
then Ionised by having high energy electrons fired at it. M + e- –> M+ + 2e-
These ions are then Accelerated by a strong electric field
The accelerated ions are Deflected by the Magnetic field ( the bigger ions are deflected less)
The ions are then Detected.

33
Q

Fragmentation definition

A

as organic molecules do not hold charge well they fragment into smaller ions and neutral fragments.
They do this in regular patterns meaning they can be analysed

Chemistry HWAM (13 decks)

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