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9th Earth Science A-G > minerals module 2 week 2 > Flashcards

minerals module 2 week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

minerals made out of only one element

A

native elements

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2
Q

more than one element chemically combined

A

compound

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3
Q

a geometric solid with flat faces

A

crystal

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4
Q

a structure made of crystals

A

crystalline structure

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5
Q

An arrangement of atoms that repeats in a pattern

A

crystalline lattice

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6
Q

The most abundant element in the earth’s crust

A

oxygen (46.6%)

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7
Q

2nd most abundant element in the earth’s crust

A

silicon (27.7%)

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8
Q

In order for the material to be considered a mineral it has to:

A

1 Be a solid
2 Be naturally occurring element or compound
3 Have a definite chemical composition where the elements have a particular proportion to each other
4 Have the atoms or ions in a particular pattern of arrangement (crystalline structure)
5 Be inorganic. This means, it cannot be made from plants, animals, or any other organisms, living or dead.
6 Have specific physical properties

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9
Q

How many elements are found in most minerals?

A

6

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10
Q

Computers have the mineral ______ in their motherboard

A

silica

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11
Q

Why is oil not a mineral?

A

because it is a liquid; because it is made of dead things

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12
Q

Some minerals are made out of ____________ element(s), called ___________ element(s).

A

one, native

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13
Q

Copper is generally used for _______________________.

A

electrical wiring

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14
Q

We brush our teeth using _____, an abrasive powder that scrubs our teeth. We take a shower, get out and maybe put __ ________ powder on us. We turn on the light switch that has wires made of __ _________.

A

calcium, talc, copper

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15
Q

What are the two most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust?

A

oxygen and silicon

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16
Q

all rocks are made of

A

minerals

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17
Q

Evaporated water can leave behind the mineral _________.

A

halite

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18
Q

a _________ is not a characteristic of minerals

A

random arrangement of atoms

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19
Q

cleavage

A

how a mineral splits along a plane

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20
Q

The mineral galena breaks into tiny cubes. Why does this occur?

A

Its internal arrangement of atoms causes it to form a cube

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21
Q

Which mineral has a streak that is different from the visible color?

A

pyrite

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22
Q

Which property is the most useful for identifying a mineral (one that is unlikely to change between specimens or types of minerals)?

A

streak test

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23
Q

Density is calculated by the _______________ of the mineral.

A

mass & volume

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24
Q

Which mineral reacts to the acid test?

A

calcite

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25
Q

What has a metallic luster and is 2.5 to 3 on the Mohs hardness scale?

A

galena

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26
Q

Which formulas are correct? (You may have to rearrange the formula - select all that apply)

A 
M = D x V
V = M/D
D = M/V
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27
Q

Hardness 7 on the Moh’s scale of hardness (quartz) _______________________.

A

can be scratched with a drill bit
cannot be scratched with a penny easily
cannot be scratched with a steel knife easily

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28
Q

Using the Mohs hardness scale, give the hardness of the mineral that can only be scratched by a steel nail.

A

6

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29
Q

Which is an example of an extrusive igneous rock?

A

scoria

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30
Q

Where do plutonic rocks form?

A

in the earth below the ground

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31
Q

Andesitic magma ____________________________. (

A

forms at subduction boundaries

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32
Q

The silica content of igneous rock ___________________________.

A

increases as the sample of rock gets lighter in color

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33
Q

Very small crystals in an igneous rock shows that it was formed ________________________.

A

in a very short period of time

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34
Q

The amount of magnesium and iron ____________________________.

A

increases in mafic rocks

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35
Q

Of these igneous rocks, which would contain the largest crystals?

A

diorite

36
Q

Granite is formed when magma cools slowly. Granite is a (an) ____________

A

intrusive igneous rock

37
Q

Basaltic magma ____________________________

A

forms in rifts or oceanic hotspots

38
Q

Rhyolitic magma ____________________________

A

has the highest silica content

39
Q

What processes cause igneous rocks to form?

A

melting and solidification

40
Q

Andesitic magma has ____________________

A

intermediate composition and formed at a subduction boundary

41
Q

A volcanic neck is an igneous intrusion ________________.

A

left behind after a volcanic eruption and erosion

42
Q

What causes the melting temperature of magma to increase?

A

increasing the magnesium content

43
Q

Rhyolitic magma contains ________________.

A

> 70% silica, 4-6% gases

44
Q

A dike is a type of igneous intrusion that __________________.

A

squeezes in upward cracks in the bedrock,

pushes its way up through cracks in rock layers

45
Q

Pumice is an example of a (an) ______________.

A

extrusive, vesicular igneous rock

46
Q

Obsidian is unusual in that ___________________.

A

even though it is dark, it is considered a felsic rock due to the silica and quartz content

47
Q

Why does rhyolite have smaller crystals than granite?

A

rhyolite cooled quicker than granite

48
Q

Gabbro is all of the following choices except ______________

A

aphanatic

49
Q

Mafic igneous rocks contain about ___________________

A

50% silica

50
Q

magma

A

molten rock below ground

51
Q

lava

A

molten rock above ground

52
Q

rocks that cool slowly have these

A

large crystals

53
Q

rocks that cool quickly have these

A

small crystals

54
Q

rocks that cool slowly then quickly

A

porphrytic

55
Q

intrusive

A

igneous rocks that form below ground

56
Q

extrusive

A

igneous rocks that form above ground

57
Q

felsic

A

rocks that have more quartz and feldspar

58
Q

mafic

A

rocks that have more magnesium and iron

59
Q

granite

A

a rock that is high in silicon

60
Q

the process of clastic rocks getting “glued” together

A

cementation

61
Q

A stream deposits its sediment into a lake. In what order would you find the three types of clastic sedimentary rocks, top layer to deepest layer?

A

shale, sandstone, conglomerate

62
Q

The process of overlying weight compressing rocks together

A

compaction

63
Q

Fossils are only found in __

A

sedimentary rocks

64
Q

Rock salt, gypsum, and chemical limestone are formed by

A

evaporation of water

65
Q

If the rock particles are eroded and deposited, they may mix with dead organic matter to form _

A

organic sedimentary rock

66
Q

Clastic sedimentary rocks are formed by

A

clay, sand, or rocks being cemented together

67
Q

The farther a sediment is transported, the _______________ the particle is.

A

smaller

68
Q

A(n) ______________ is a rock that is formed by the precipitation of minerals after evaporation.

A

evaporite

69
Q

Horizontal layers of sediment are laid down in a process called

A

stratification

70
Q

What type of sedimentary rock is coal?

A

organic

71
Q

There is a mineral that is common to both organic and chemical sedimentary rocks. Which is it?

A

calcite

72
Q

____________ and silt are the two sediments that make up the sedimentary rock shale.

A

clay

73
Q

A ______________ is evidence of something that was once alive and is now in a rock layer.

A

fossil

74
Q

What type of sedimentary rock is composed of seashells?

A

coquina

75
Q

Which rock is very porous and water can sometimes go right through?

A

sandstone

76
Q

A sedimentary rock that can be made up of many whole igneous or metamorphic rocks is called _______________.

A

conglomerate

77
Q

Sedimentary rock features include:

A

strata, footprints, fossils, ripple marks, geodes

78
Q

What rock is formed due to the metamorphism of sandstone?

A

quartzite

79
Q

In the metamorphism of shale, increasing temperature and pressure changes shale from ____________ to ___________to _____________ and finally ____________

A

Slate, Phyllite, Schist, Gneiss

80
Q

A wavy patterned rock has been __________________.

A

folded

81
Q

Non-foliated metamorphic rocks ______________________.

A

do not have foliation because there isn’t enough pressure for the minerals to align themselves

82
Q

What rock is formed due to the metamorphism of Limestone?

A

marble

83
Q

Foliated metamorphic rocks are formed due to _________________________

A

intense heat and pressure, regional metamorphism and crystals aligning in bands

84
Q

Banding in metamorphic rocks shows a type of foliation called _______________

A

gneissic foliation

85
Q

Metamorphic rocks are formed by ____________________________.

A

heat and pressure

86
Q

Metamorphic rocks occur mostly along ________________.

A

convergent plate boundaries

87
Q

When a metamorphic rock splits along mineral layers that are parallel to each other, it is called _________.

A

slaty foliation

9th Earth Science A-G (13 decks)

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