L1 Flashcards
abatement
[ə’beitmənt] n. 减少；消除；减轻
Noun.1 : the act or process of abating : the state of being abated
2 : an amount abated; especially : a deduction from the full amount of a tax
abbreviate
[ə’bri:vieit] vt. 缩写，使省略；使简短
vi. 使用缩写词
vt.: to make briefer; especially : to reduce to a shorter form intended to stand for the whole
synonyms see SHORTEN
aberrant
[æ’berənt] adj. [化]异常的；[生]畸变的；脱离常轨的；[医]迷乱的
Adj.1 : straying from the right or normal way
2 : deviating from the usual or natural type : ATYPICAL
Noun.1 : an aberrant group, individual, or structure
2 : a person whose behavior departs substantially from the standard
aberration
[,æbə’reiʃən] n. 失常；离开正路，越轨
Noun.1 : the fact or an instance of being aberrant especially from a moral standard or normal state
2 : failure of a mirror, refracting surface, or lens to produce exact point-to-point correspondence between an object and its image
3 : unsoundness or disorder of the mind
4 : a small periodic change of apparent position in celestial bodies due to the combined effect of the motion of light and the motion of the observer
5 : an aberrant individual
abet
[ə’bet] vt. 煽动，教唆；支持
vt.1 : to actively second and encourage (as an activity or plan) : FORWARD
2 : to assist or support in the achievement of a purpose abetted the thief in his getaway
synonyms see INCITE
abeyance
[ə’beiəns] n. 中止，停顿；归属待定，暂搁
Noun.1 : a lapse in succession during which there is no person in whom a title is vested
2 : temporary inactivity : SUSPENSION
abhor
[əb’hɔ:] vt. 痛恨，憎恶
vt.: to regard with extreme repugnance : LOATHE
synonyms see HATE
ablaze
[ə’bleiz] adj. 着火的；闪耀的；激昂的
adv. 着火；闪耀
Adj or adv.1 : being on fire
2 : radiant with light or emotion his face all ablaze with excitement ?Bram Stoker
abolition
[,æbəu’liʃən] n. 废除；废止
Noun.1 : the act of abolishing : the state of being abolished
2 : the abolishing of slavery
abrasive
[ə’breisiv] adj. 粗糙的；有研磨作用的；伤人感情的
n. 研磨料
Noun. : a substance (as emery or pumice) used for abrading, smoothing, or polishing
Adj.1 : tending to abrade
2 : causing irritation abrasive manners
abreast
[ə’brest] adv. 并肩地；并列
adj. 并排的；肩并肩的
Adv or adj.1 : beside one another with bodies in line columns of men five abreast
2 : up to a particular standard or level especially of knowledge of recent developments keeps abreast of the news
absent
[‘æbsənt, æb’sent] adj. 缺席的；缺少的；心不在焉的；茫然的
vt. 使缺席
Adj.1 : not present or attending : MISSING
2 : not existing : LACKING danger in a situation where power is absent ?M. H. Trytten
3 : lost in thought : not attentive
synonyms see ABSTRACTED
vt. : to keep (oneself) away
Prep. : in the absence of : WITHOUT
abstain
[əb’stein] vi. 自制；放弃；避免
Intransitive verb.: to refrain deliberately and often with an effort of self-denial from an action or practice abstain from drinking
abstract
[‘æbstrækt, æb’strækt] n. 摘要；抽象；抽象的概念
adj. 抽象的；深奥的
vt. 摘要；提取；使……抽象化
vi. 做摘要；写梗概
Adj.1 a : disassociated from any specific instance an abstract entity b : difficult to understand : ABSTRUSE abstract problems c : insufficiently factual : FORMAL possessed only an abstract right
2 : expressing a quality apart from an object the word poem is concrete, poetry is abstract
3 a : dealing with a subject in its abstract aspects : THEORETICAL abstract science b : IMPERSONAL, DETACHED the abstract compassion of a surgeon ?Time
4 : having only intrinsic form with little or no attempt at pictorial representation or narrative content abstract painting
Noun.1 : a summary of points (as of a writing) usually presented in skeletal form; also : something that summarizes or concentrates the essentials of a larger thing or several things
2 : an abstract thing or state
3 : ABSTRACTION 4a
transitive verb
1 : REMOVE, SEPARATE
2 : to consider apart from application to or association with a particular instance
3 : to make an abstract of : SUMMARIZE
4 : to draw away the attention of
5 : STEAL, PURLOIN
intransitive verb : to make an abstraction
abstruse
[æb’stru:s] adj. 深奥的；难懂的
Adj.: difficult to comprehend : RECONDITE the abstruse calculations of mathematicians
absurd
[əb’sə:d] adj. 荒谬的；可笑的
n. 荒诞；荒诞作品
Adj.1 : ridiculously unreasonable, unsound, or incongruous an absurd argument
2 : having no rational or orderly relationship to human life : MEANINGLESS an absurd universe; also : lacking order or value an absurd existence
3 : dealing with the absurd or with absurdism absurd theater
Noun.: the state or condition in which human beings exist in an irrational and meaningless universe and in which human life has no ultimate meaning ? usually used with the
abut
[ə’bʌt] vi. 邻接；毗邻；紧靠
vt. 邻接；毗邻；紧靠
Intransitive verb
1 : to touch along a border or with a projecting part land abuts on the road
2 a : to terminate at a point of contact b : to lean for support
transitive verb
1 : to border on their property abuts our land
2 : to cause to abut
abysmal
[ə’bizməl] adj. 深不可测的；糟透的；极度的
Adj.1 a : having immense or fathomless extension downward, backward, or inward an abysmal cliff b : immeasurably great : PROFOUND abysmal ignorance c : immeasurably low or wretched abysmal living conditions of the poor
2 : ABYSSAL 2
academic
[,ækə’demik] adj. 学术的；理论的；学院的
n. 大学生，大学教师；学者
Noun.1 : a member of an institution of learning
2 : a person who is academic in background, outlook, or methods
3 plural : academic subjects has no interest in academics
Adj.1 a : of, relating to, or associated with an academy or school especially of higher learning b : of or relating to performance in academic courses academic excellence c : very learned but inexperienced in practical matters academic thinkers d : based on formal study especially at an institution of higher learning
2 : of or relating to literary or artistic rather than technical or professional studies
3 a : THEORETICAL, SPECULATIVE an academic question b : having no practical or useful significance
4 : conforming to the traditions or rules of a school (as of literature or art) or an official academy : CONVENTIONAL academic painting
accede
[æk'si:d] vi. 加入；同意；就任 Intransitive verb.1 a : to become a party (as to an agreement) b : to express approval or give consent : give in to a request or demand 2 archaic : APPROACH 3 : to enter upon an office or position synonyms see ASSENT
accelerate
[ək’seləreit] vt. 使……加快；使……增速
vi. 加速；促进；增加
Transitive verb
1 : to bring about at an earlier time accelerate their departure
2 : to cause to move faster accelerated his steps; also : to cause to undergo acceleration
3 a : to hasten the progress or development of accelerate our efforts b : INCREASE accelerate food production
4 a : to enable (a student) to complete a course in less than usual time b : to speed up (as a course of study)
intransitive verb
1 a : to move faster : gain speed the car slowly accelerated b : GROW, INCREASE inflation was accelerating
2 : to follow an accelerated educational program
accentuate
[æk’sentjueit] vt. 强调；重读
vt.: ACCENT, EMPHASIZE; also : INTENSIFY accentuates the feeling of despair
accessible
[ək’sesəbl] adj. 易接近的；可进入的；可理解的
Adj.1 : providing access
2 a : capable of being reached accessible by rail; also : being within reach fashions at accessible prices b : easy to communicate or deal with accessible people
3 : capable of being influenced : OPEN accessible to new ideas
4 : capable of being used or seen : AVAILABLE the collection is not currently accessible
5 : capable of being understood or appreciated the author’s most accessible stories an accessible film
accidental
[,æksi’dentəl] adj. 意外的；偶然的；附属的；[音]临时记号的
n. 次要方面；非主要的特性；[音]临时记号
Adj.1 : arising from extrinsic causes : INCIDENTAL, NONESSENTIAL
2 a : occurring unexpectedly or by chance b : happening without intent or through carelessness and often with unfortunate results
Noun.1 : a nonessential property
2 a : a note foreign to a key indicated by a signature b : a prefixed sign indicating an accidental
accommodate
[ə’kɔmədeit] vt. 容纳；使适应；供应；调解
vi. 适应；调解
Transitive verb
1 : to make fit, suitable, or congruous
2 : to bring into agreement or concord : RECONCILE
3 : to provide with something desired, needed, or suited (as a helpful service, a loan, or lodgings)
4 a : to make room for b : to hold without crowding or inconvenience
5 : to give consideration to : allow for accommodate the special interests of various groups
intransitive verb : to adapt oneself; also : to undergo visual accommodation
synonyms see ADAPT, CONTAIN
accompany
[ə’kʌmpəni] vt. 陪伴，伴随；伴奏
vi. 伴奏，伴唱
Transitive verb
1 : to go with as an associate or companion
2 : to perform an accompaniment to or for
3 a : to cause to be in association accompanied their advice with a warning b : to be in association with the pictures that accompany the text
intransitive verb : to perform an accompaniment
accomplice
[ə’kʌmplis] n. 同谋者，共犯
Noun.: one associated with another especially in wrongdoing
accomplish
[ə’kʌmpliʃ, ə’kɔm-] vt. 完成；实现；达到
vt.1 : to bring about (a result) by effort have much to accomplish today
2 : to bring to completion : FULFILL we can accomplish the job in an hour
3 : to succeed in reaching (a stage in a progression) *would starve before accomplishing half the distance ?W. H. Hudson 1922
4 archaic a : to equip thoroughly b : PERFECT
synonyms see PERFORM
accredit
[ə’kredit] vt. 授权；信任；委派；归因于
vt.1 : to give official authorization to or approval of: a : to provide with credentials; especially : to send (an envoy) with letters of authorization b : to recognize or vouch for as conforming with a standard c : to recognize (an educational institution) as maintaining standards that qualify the graduates for admission to higher or more specialized institutions or for professional practice
2 : to consider or recognize as outstanding
3 : ATTRIBUTE, CREDIT
synonyms see APPROVE
accuracy
[‘ækjurəsi] n. 精确度，准确性
Noun.1 : freedom from mistake or error : CORRECTNESS
2 a : conformity to truth or to a standard or model : EXACTNESS b : degree of conformity of a measure to a standard or a true value ? compare PRECISION 2a
accuse
[ə’kju:z] vt. 控告，指控；谴责；归咎于
vi. 指责；控告
Transitive verb
1 : to charge with a fault or offense : BLAME
2 : to charge with an offense judicially or by a public process
intransitive verb : to bring an accusation
accustom
[ə’kʌstəm] vt. 使习惯于
vt. : to make familiar with something through use or experience
acerbic
[ə’sə:bik] adj. 尖刻的（等于acerb）；酸的；辛辣的
Adj. : acid in temper, mood, or tone acerbic commentary an acerbic reviewer
acidic
[ə’sidik] adj. 酸的，酸性的；产生酸的
Adj.1 : acid-forming
2 : ACID
acknowledge
[ək’nɔlidʒ] vt. 承认；答谢；报偿；告知已收到
vt.1 : to recognize the rights, authority, or status of
2 : to disclose knowledge of or agreement with
3 a : to express gratitude or obligation for acknowledge a gift b : to take notice of failed to acknowledge my greeting c : to make known the receipt of acknowledge a letter
4 : to recognize as genuine or valid acknowledge a debt
synonyms ACKNOWLEDGE, ADMIT, OWN, AVOW, CONFESS mean to disclose against one’s will or inclination. ACKNOWLEDGE implies the disclosing of something that has been or might be concealed acknowledged an earlier peccadillo. ADMIT implies reluctance to disclose, grant, or concede and refers usually to facts rather than their implications admitted the project was over budget. OWN implies acknowledging something in close relation to oneself must own I know little about computers. AVOW implies boldly declaring, often in the face of hostility, what one might be expected to be silent about avowed that he was a revolutionary. CONFESS may apply to an admission of a weakness, failure, omission, or guilt confessed a weakness for sweets.
acolyte
[‘ækəulait] n. 侍僧；助手（指教士的）
Noun.1 : one who assists a member of the clergy in a liturgical service by performing minor duties
2 : one who attends or assists : FOLLOWER
acoustic
[ə’ku:stik] adj. 声学的；音响的；听觉的
n. 原声乐器；不用电传音的乐器
Adj.1 : of or relating to the sense or organs of hearing, to sound, or to the science of sounds acoustic apparatus of the ear acoustic energy: as a : deadening or absorbing sound acoustic tile b : operated by or utilizing sound waves
2 : of, relating to, or being a musical instrument whose sound is not electronically modified
acquiescence
[,ækwi’esəns] n. 默许；默从
Noun.1 : the act of acquiescing : the state of being acquiescent
2 : an instance of acquiescing
acquiescent
[,ækwi’esənt] adj. 默认的；默许的；甘心接受的
Adj.: inclined to acquiesce
acrimonious
[,ækri’məunjəs] adj. 严厉的；辛辣的；刻薄的
Adj. : caustic, biting, or rancorous especially in feeling, language, or manner an acrimonious dispute
acrimony
[‘ækriməni] n. 辛辣；尖刻；严厉
Noun.: harsh or biting sharpness especially of words, manner, or disposition
activate
[‘æktiveit] vt. 刺激；使活动；使活泼；使产生放射性
vi. 激活；有活力
Transitive verb : to make active or more active: as a (1) : to make (as molecules) reactive or more reactive (2) : to convert (as a provitamin) into a biologically active derivative b : to make (a substance) radioactive c : to treat (as carbon or alumina) so as to improve adsorptive properties d (1) : to set up or formally institute (as a military unit) with the necessary personnel and equipment (2) : to put (an individual or unit) on active duty
intransitive verb : to become active
actuate
[‘æktjueit, -tʃu-] vt. 开动（机器等）；促使，驱使；激励（人等）
vt.1 : to put into mechanical action or motion
2 : to move to action
synonyms see MOVE
acute
[ə’kju:t] adj. 严重的，急性的；敏锐的；激烈的；尖声的
Adj.1 a (1) : characterized by sharpness or severity acute pain (2) : having a sudden onset, sharp rise, and short course acute disease (3) : being, providing, or requiring short-term medical care (as for serious illness or traumatic injury) acute hospitals an acute patient b : lasting a short time acute experiments
2 : ending in a sharp point: as a : being or forming an angle measuring less than 90 degrees an acute angle b : composed of acute angles an acute triangle
3 a of an accent mark : having the form * b : marked with an acute accent c : of the variety indicated by an acute accent
4 a : marked by keen discernment or intellectual perception especially of subtle distinctions : PENETRATING an acute thinker b : responsive to slight impressions or stimuli acute hearing
5 : felt, perceived, or experienced intensely acute distress
6 : seriously demanding urgent attention an acute emergency
adamant
[‘ædəmənt] adj. 固执的，坚强的；坚定不移的；坚硬无比的
n. 坚硬的东西；坚石
Noun.1 : a stone (as a diamond) formerly believed to be of impenetrable hardness
2 : an unbreakable or extremely hard substance
Adj.: unshakable or insistent especially in maintaining a position or opinion : UNYIELDING
synonyms see INFLEXIBLE
adaptability
[ə,dæptə’biləti] n. 适应性；可变性；适合性
Noun. : the quality or state of being adaptable the adaptability of the subject to varied art forms youth’s adaptability to new surroundings
adaptable
[ə’dæptəbl] adj. 适合的；能适应的；可修改的
Adj.: capable of being or becoming adapted
synonyms see PLASTIC
adaptive
[ə’dæptiv] adj. 适应的，适合的
Adj. : showing or having a capacity for or tendency toward adaptation
addict
[ə’dikt,’ædikt] n. 有瘾的人；入迷的人
vt. 使沉溺；使上瘾
vt.1 : to devote or surrender (oneself) to something habitually or obsessively addicted to gambling
2 : to cause addiction to a substance in (a person or animal
Noun.1 : one who is addicted especially to a substance
2 : DEVOTEE a detective novel addict
address
[ə’dres] vt. 演说；从事；忙于；写姓名地址；向…致辞
n. 地址；演讲；致辞；说话的技巧
Transitive verb
1 archaic a : DIRECT, AIM b : to direct to go : SEND
2 a : to direct the efforts or attention of (oneself) will address himself to the problem b : to deal with : TREAT intrigued by the chance to address important issues ?I. L. Horowitz
3 archaic : to make ready; especially : DRESS
4 a : to communicate directly addresses his thanks to his host b : to speak or write directly to; especially : to deliver a formal speech to
5 a : to mark directions for delivery on address a letter b : to consign to the care of another (as an agent or factor)
6 : to greet by a prescribed form
7 : to adjust the club preparatory to hitting (a golf ball)
8 : to identify (as a computer peripheral or memory location) by an address or a name for information transfer
intransitive verb , obsolete : to direct one’s speech or attentions
Noun.1 : dutiful and courteous attention especially in courtship ? usually used in plural
2 a : readiness and capability for dealing (as with a person or problem) skillfully and smoothly : ADROITNESS b obsolete : a making ready; also : a state of preparedness
3 a : manner of bearing oneself a man of rude address b : manner of speaking or singing : DELIVERY
4 : a formal communication; especially : a prepared speech delivered to a special audience or on a special occasion
5 a : a place where a person or organization may be communicated with b : directions for delivery on the outside of an object (as a letter or package) c : the designation of place of delivery placed between the heading and salutation on a business letter d : the designation of a computer account from which one can send or receive e-mail
6 : a preparatory position of the player and club in golf
7 a : a location (as in the memory of a computer) where particular information is stored b : a series of usually alphanumeric characters that specifies the storage location (as on a network or in a computer’s memory) of particular information an Internet address
synonyms see TACT
adept
[‘ædept, ə’dept] adj. 熟练的；擅长…的
n. 内行；能手
Noun. : a highly skilled or well-trained individual : EXPERT an adept at chess
Adj.: thoroughly proficient : EXPERT adept at fixing cars
synonyms see PROFICIENT
adequate
[‘ædikwit] adj. 充足的；适当的；胜任的
Adj.1 : sufficient for a specific requirement adequate taxation of goods; also : barely sufficient or satisfactory her first performance was merely adequate
2 : lawfully and reasonably sufficient adequate grounds for a lawsuit
synonyms see SUFFICIENT
adhere
[əd’hiə] vi. 坚持；依附；粘着；追随
vt. 使粘附
Intransitive verb
1 : to give support or maintain loyalty
2 obsolete : ACCORD 3
3 : to hold fast or stick by or as if by gluing, suction, grasping, or fusing
4 : to bind oneself to observance adhere to the rules
transitive verb : to cause to stick fast
synonyms see STICK
adhesive
[əd’hi:siv] n. 粘合剂；胶黏剂
adj. 粘着的；带粘性的
Adj.1 : tending to remain in association or memory
2 : tending to adhere or cause adherence
3 : prepared for adhering
Noun.1 : an adhesive substance (as glue or cement)
2 : a postage stamp with a gummed back
admonish
[əd’mɔniʃ] vt. 告诫；劝告
vt.1 a : to indicate duties or obligations to b : to express warning or disapproval to especially in a gentle, earnest, or solicitous manner
2 : to give friendly earnest advice or encouragement to
synonyms see REPROVE
adopt
[ə’dɔpt] vt. 采取；接受；收养；正式通过
vi. 采取；过继
Transitive verb
1 : to take by choice into a relationship; especially : to take voluntarily (a child of other parents) as one’s own child
2 : to take up and practice or use adopted a moderate tone
3 : to accept formally and put into effect adopt a constitutional amendment
4 : to choose (a textbook) for required study in a course
intransitive verb : to adopt a child couples choosing to adopt
adoration
[,ædə’reiʃən] n. 崇拜；爱慕
Noun. : the act of adoring : the state of being adored
adore
[ə’dɔ:] vt. 崇拜；爱慕；喜爱；[口]极喜欢
vi. 崇拜；爱慕
vt.1 : to worship or honor as a deity or as divine
2 : to regard with loving admiration and devotion adored his wife
3 : to be very fond of adores pecan pie
synonyms see REVERE
adorn
[ə’dɔ:n] vt. 装饰；使生色
vt.1 : to enhance the appearance of especially with beautiful objects
2 : to enliven or decorate as if with ornaments people of fashion who adorned the Court
synonyms ADORN, DECORATE, ORNAMENT, EMBELLISH, BEAUTIFY, DECK, GARNISH mean to enhance the appearance of something by adding something unessential. ADORN implies an enhancing by something beautiful in itself a diamond necklace adorned her neck. DECORATE suggests relieving plainness or monotony by adding beauty of color or design decorate a birthday cake. ORNAMENT and EMBELLISH imply the adding of something extraneous, ORNAMENT stressing the heightening or setting off of the original a white house ornamented with green shutters, EMBELLISH often stressing the adding of superfluous or adventitious ornament embellish a page with floral borders. BEAUTIFY adds to EMBELLISH a suggestion of counterbalancing plainness or ugliness will beautify the grounds with flower beds. DECK implies the addition of something that contributes to gaiety, splendor, or showiness a house all decked out for Christmas. GARNISH suggests decorating with a small final touch and is used especially in referring to the serving of food an entre garnished with parsley*.
