Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the parts (4) of the nucleus.

A
  • Nucleolus
  • Chromatin
  • Nuclear pores
  • Nuclear envelop
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2
Q

Structure (5) of the plasma membrane?

A
  • ‘Fluid mosaic model’
  • Phospholipid bilayer: hydrophilic head on outside and hydrophobic tails protected inside
  • Proteins in membranes
  • Cholesterol attaches to prevent solidification in cool temperatures
  • Carbohydrates attach
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3
Q

Function of the plasma membrane?

A
  • Compartmentalises interior cells and inside organelles

- Controls what exists and enters organelle or cell

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4
Q

Name the parts (7) of Mitochondrion?

A
  • Matrix
  • Crista
  • Ribosomes
  • Outer membrane
  • Inner membrane
  • Loop of DNA
  • Fluid filled space
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5
Q

Function of the Mitochondrion?

A
  • Makes energy available for the cell
  • Use organic compounds (glucose) to create ATP (adenosine triphosphate) uses in cells for energy
  • very active cells will have higher amount of this
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6
Q

Structure of the Mitochondrion?

A

Matrix: creates proteins (enzymes), contains DNA for coding proteins, enzymes for Kreb’s cycle

Double Membrane; inner- semipermeable to maintain conditions for enzymes, Outer- permeable to small molecules

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7
Q

What does the inner membrane of the Mitochondrion allow to leave and enter?

A
  • takes in pyrovic acid and oxygen to leave

- releases carbon dioxide and ATP

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8
Q

Endosymbiotic theory…

A

Mitochondria; once individual prokaryotic cells, (since they contain their own DNA), then were engulfed by larger prokaryotes
- developed symbiotic relationship where larger cells benefitted from em every releases from Mitochondrion

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9
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

Type of vesicle; breaks down poisons using oxygen

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10
Q

What are lysosomes?

A
  • Type of vesicle which; uses hydrolytic enzymes to break down dead cells and foreign matter
  • break down pathogens phagocytic cells
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11
Q

Centrioles…

A

Near the nucleus;

- part of cell division by organising the chromosomes correctly

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12
Q

Structure and function (4) of ribosomes?

A
  • Protein synthesis
  • Contains large and small ‘subunit’
  • mRNA binding site for translation
  • Moves along mRNA for decoding and polypeptide synthesis
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13
Q

Function of nuclear envelop?

A
  • protects DNA
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14
Q

Function of nuclear pores?

A
  • allows entry and exit of substances

E.g nucleotides

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15
Q

Nucleoplasm function?

A
  • chromatin granules that condense to form chromosomes during division
  • contains nucleoli
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16
Q

Function of the Nucleolus?

A
- produces; 
ribosomes, 
coenzymes, 
nucleotides, 
proteins and RNA molecules
17
Q

Structure and function of Golgi apparatus?

A
  • layered stacks with vesicles

- packages proteins and modifies and sends them to specific parts of the cells

18
Q

Structure and function of SER? (4)

A
  • no ribosome
  • interconnected tubes
  • production of lipids and carbohydrates that contribute to surface membrane
  • produces steroids
19
Q

Structure and function of RER?

A
  • contains ribosome attached

- works with ribosome to create protein to be transported across cell

20
Q

function of chloroplast?

A
  • where photosynthetic reactions take place

- contains chlorophyll which absorbs light

21
Q

Name the parts (11) of an animal eukaryotic cell.

A
  • Mitochondria
  • Nucleus
  • Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosome
  • Lysosomes
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Cell surface membrane
  • Vesicles
  • Centrioles
22
Q

Structure and function of cytoskeleton

A
  • microfilaments and microtubules
  • holds shape of cell
  • helps movement inside the cell
  • keeps organelle in place
  • transportation of vesicles
  • makes up centrioles and spindle fibres
23
Q

Parts of a prokaryotic cell

A
  • plasmid DNA
  • Plasmid membrane
  • DNA (chromosomal)
  • Mesosomes
  • cytoplasm
  • cell wall
  • capsule
  • ribosome
  • flagellum
24
Q

Function of nucleus

A
  • coded genetic info
  • synthesises protein
  • dna and protein histories form chromatin
25
Q

Vesicles

A
  • single membrane with fluid inside

- transports materials around cell

26
Q

Microfilaments

A
  • fibrous protein actin

- cell movement and contraction; cytokinesis

27
Q

Microtubules

A
  • globular Tubulidentata proteins
  • determines shape of cell
  • spindle fibres
  • track for material transportation
28
Q

Chloroplast

A
  • site for photosynthesis

- double membranes

29
Q

Diameter of eukaryotic cells

A
  • 20-40 micrometers
30
Q

Diameter of prokaryotes

A
  • 0.5-5 micrometers
31
Q

Diameters of ribosomes for both type of cells

A
  • prokaryotes; 18nm

- eukaryotes; 22nm

32
Q

How is DNA found in both types of cells

A
  • prokaryotes; free and naked and plasmid DNA

- eukaryotes; bound to histones to form chromatin

33
Q

Cell wall

A
  • cellulose
  • gives plants shape
  • rigid, defends mechanism for plants; protection from pathogens
34
Q

Need for compartmentalisation in cells and examples

A
  • separates incompatible reactions
  • anabolic and catabolic require different conditions
  • prevents damage from hydrolytic enzymes
  • eg nucleus, vesicles, lysosomes