Psychology

Question 1

Strucuralism

early school of thought promoted by wundt and titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind.

Answer 1

Strucuralism

Question 2

early school of thought promoted by james and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.

Answer 2

functionalism

Question 3

The view that psychology 1) should be an objective science that 2) studies behavior without referrence to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with 1) but not with 2).

Answer 3

behaviorism

Question 4

historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people.

Answer 4

humanistic psychology

Question 5

the interdisisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).

Answer 5

cognitive neuroscience

Question 6

the science of behavior and mental processes

Answer 6

psychology

Question 7

the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psyshological traits and behaviors. today’s psychological science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.

Answer 7

nature-nurture issue

Question 8

the principle tat, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding

Answer 8

natural selection

Question 9

the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.

Answer 9

levels of analysis

Question 10

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.

Answer 10

biopsychosocial approach

Question 11

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.

Answer 11

basic research

Question 12

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.

Answer 12

applied research

Question 13

a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or relationships) and in achieving greater well-being.

Answer 13

counseling psychology

Question 14

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.

Answer 14

clinical psychology

Question 15

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.

Answer 15

psychiatry

Question 16

the scientific study of human funcitioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.

Answer 16

positive psychology

Question 17

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.

Answer 17

hindsight bias

Question 18

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

Answer 18

critical thinking

Question 19

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or

Answer 19

theory.

Question 20

hypothesis

Answer 20

a testable prediction, often implied by a theory.

Question 21

a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as “what an intelligence test measures.

Answer 21

operational definition

Question 22

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.

Answer 22

replication

Question 23

a observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.

Answer 23

case study

Question 24

ior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.

Answer 24

naturalistic observation

Question 25

a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group.

Answer 25

survey

Question 26

population
all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn. (note:except for national studies, this does not refer to a country’s whole population.)

Answer 26

population

Question 27

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.

Answer 27

random sample

Question 28

a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.

Answer 28

correlation

Question 29

a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from 1 to +1).

Answer 29

correlation coefficient

Question 30

a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factor (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable).

Answer 30

experiment

Question 31

in an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.

Answer 31

experimental group

Question 32

in an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

Answer 32

control group

Question 33

assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups.

Answer 33

random assignment

Question 34

an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.

Answer 34

double-blind procedure

Question 35

latin for “i shall please” effect experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active

Answer 35

placebo effect

Question 36

the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

Answer 36

independent variable

Question 37

a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment.

Answer 37

confounding variable

Question 38

dependent variable

Answer 38

the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

Question 39

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

Answer 39

culture

Question 40

giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to decide whether they wish to participate.

Answer 40

informed consent

Question 41

the post experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants.

Answer 41

debriefing.

Question 42

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.

Answer 42

testing effect

Question 43

a study method incorporating five steps: survey, question, read, retrieve, review.

Answer 43

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