9 11 Clinical Coorilations-Table 1

Question 1

what biomechanical process can lead to heart valve calcification?

Answer 1

Turbulent flow through the valve (bicuspid aortic valve)

Question 2

how can a stenosed valve lead to hypertrophy

Answer 2

the heart has to work harder to get the blood through the vavle, muscle working harder will grow larger therefore hypertrophy

Question 3

why does hypertrophy lead to heart failure

Answer 3

a hypertrophy of the heart or a dialation and hypertrophy of the heart will lead to a lower ejection fraction, that is it will be a lower efficiency!

Question 4

what are some known etiologies of heart failure?

Answer 4

valve problems; infection; ischemic damage; idiopathic; arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation)

Question 5

what are the symptoms of heart failure

Answer 5

lower extremity edema; shortness of breath (worse with exertion, lying flat); Distended neck viens

Question 6

why do they get edema in the lower extremities

Answer 6

back up of blood in the venus systm and therefore higher hydrostatic pressure that will push fluid out in the cappilaries.

Question 7

how do you get rid of the edema in the lower extremities

Answer 7

compression socks, or elevating the legs

Question 8

why is the neck vessels distened

Answer 8

becuase of a back up of venous blood, and when you get the atrial kick and the closing of the tricuspid valve, you will see the right jugular vein pump noticably.

Question 9

what is systolic dysfunction

Answer 9

the enlarged ventricles can’t squeeze the blood out very well, and the ejection fraction goes down

Question 10

what is diastolic dysfunction?

Answer 10

the ventricle can’t fill as much (the ejection fraction can be normal though since this is a measure of the fraction of blood that comes in that goes out). but it is not enough blood.

Question 11

what is a normal ejection fraction

Answer 11

around 50% or so

Question 12

how does ischemic damage lead to heart failure?

Answer 12

by causing damage and death of cells, that leads to a lower efficiency of pumping.

Question 13

what hints at a histology section that is dead heart cells?

Answer 13

no nucleus in the cells and the presence of extra immune cells.

Question 14

how does ischemic damage occure

Answer 14

by blockage or just narrowing of the coronary arteries

Question 15

infarct Vs. Ischemia

Answer 15

Infarct is dead tissue and a whole area is visibly dead; Ischemic is a lower level of damage where the cells just aren’t getting enough oxygen, and this can lead to infarct.

Question 16

how can rheumatic fever lead to higher pulmonary artery pressure

Answer 16

by cuasing stenosis of valves, such as the Left AV that would lead to a back flow of blood into the lungs and to the pulmonary artery

Question 17

how does rheumatic heart disease lead to problems

Answer 17

strep throat happens, and then repeated inflammation and fibrinous repair, leaflet thickening and shortening and thickening of chrodae teninae (other valves can too)

Question 18

what is a fish mouth valve?

Answer 18

The characteristic appearence of mitral valve that is stenosed by rhumatic heart disease. It is curved and a little gaping at the mouth edges.

Question 19

what happans to the heart in rhumatic heart disease?

Answer 19

Thickened mitral valve, thickened chordae tendineae, left ventricular hypertrophy

Question 20

how could you describe the sounds of a heart that you are listening to.

Answer 20

Rythm, Rate, Number of sounds, the character of the sounds, murmers, extra sounds,

Question 21

what is irregularly irregular when describing the heart.

Answer 21

irregular rate of an irregular rythmn

Question 22

how can a stenosed mitral valve lead to a higher blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries?

Answer 22

the blood is backed up in the left atrium and this enlarges, backs up blood to the lungs and then to the pulmonary arteries.