Memory

Question 1

Ulric Neisser

Answer 1

Coined the term “icon”

Question 2

Backward masking

Answer 2

Expose someone to a bright flash of light or a new pattern before the iconic image fades and you erase the first image

Question 3

George Miller

Answer 3

Found that short term memory has the capacity of 7 +/– 2 items

Question 4

Is short term memory mainly auditory or visual?

Answer 4

Largely auditory; items are coded phonologically

Question 5

Primary (maintenance) rehearsal

Answer 5

Repeating items to hold it in STM

Question 6

Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal

Answer 6

Organizing and understanding material to transfer it to LTM

Question 7

Savings

Answer 7

Measures how much info about a subject remains in LTM by assessing how long it takes to learn something the second time as opposed to the first time

Question 8

Episodic memory

Answer 8

Consists of details, events, and discrete knowledge

Question 9

Semantic memory

Answer 9

Consists of general knowledge of the world

Question 10

Fredrick Bartlett

Answer 10

Found that memory is reconstructive rather than rote

Question 11

Allan Paivio

Answer 11

Dual code hypothesis

Question 12

Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart

Answer 12

Learning and recall depend on the depth of processing

Question 13

Paired-associate learning

Answer 13

One item is learned with, and then cues the recall of, another

Question 14

Karl Lashley

Answer 14

Found that memories are stored diffusely in the brain

Question 15

Donald Hebb

Answer 15

Memory involves changes of synapses and neural pathways (memory tree)

Question 16

E.R. Kandel

Answer 16

Studied sea slug Aplysia

Question 17

Brenda Milner

Answer 17

Wrote about HM who could remember old memories and had STM, but couldn’t store new LTM (anterograde amnesia)

Question 18

George Sperling

Answer 18

Studied iconic memory