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Psychology > Consciousness > Flashcards

Consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

Define ‘consciousness’.

A

The awareness of object and events in the external world and of our own existence at any time. A hypothetical construct.

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2
Q

Controlled process

A

Processing info that involves conscious, alert awareness and mental effort in which the individual focuses their attention on achieving a particular goal.

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3
Q

Selective attention

A

Involves selectively attending to certain stimuli while ignoring other stimuli.

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4
Q

Divided attention

A

Distributing attention and undertaking two or more activities simultaneously.

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5
Q

Automatic process

A

A process that requires little conscious awareness and mental, minimal attention and does not interfere with other activities.

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6
Q

Daydreaming

A

An ASC where we shift our attention from external stimuli to internal thoughts, feelings and imagined scenarios.

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7
Q

List the 8 varying degrees of consciousness in order.

A
  1. Focused attention
  2. Normal wakefulness
  3. Daydreaming
  4. Meditative state
  5. Hypnotised
  6. Asleep
  7. Anesthetised
  8. Unconscious (coma)
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8
Q

List the characteristics of a NWC.

A

Attention
Content Limitations
Controlled Processes
Automatic Processes

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9
Q

Content Limitations

A

What you think is normal, logical and ordered. The control of our thoughts.

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10
Q

List the characteristics of an ASC.

A

Distortions in Perception and Cognition
Disturbed Sense of Time
Changes in Emotional Awareness
Changes in Self Control

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11
Q

List the four methods used to measure consciousness.

A
  1. Body temperature
  2. brain waves (EEG)
  3. heart rate
  4. galvanic skin response (GSR)
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12
Q

EEG

A

Electroencephalograph. Detects, amplifies and records the electrical activity of the brain.

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13
Q

EOG

A

Electro-oculargraph. Detects, amplifies and records electrical activity of the muscles that control movement of the eyes.

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14
Q

EMG

A

Electromyograph. Detects, amplifies and records electrical activity of active muscles (back of neck, etc).

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15
Q

Sleep

A

A regularly occurring ASC that occurs spontaneously and is characterised by a loss of consciousness.

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16
Q

List the 7 methods of studying sleep.

A
  1. Sleep labs
  2. Polysomnography
  3. Video monitoring
  4. Self reports
  5. Heart rate
  6. . Core body temperature
  7. EEG/EOG/EMG
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17
Q

List the limitations of studying sleep in sleep labs.

A
  1. Participants are not likely to have natural sleep as place is unfamiliar.
  2. Being hooked up to instruments is uncomfortable
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18
Q

List the advantages of studying sleep in sleep labs.

A
  1. Very accurate results

2. Highly controlled environment.

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19
Q

What is polysomnography?

A

The detailed monitoring/recording of physiological responses during sleep.

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20
Q

What are the advantages and limitations of polysomnography?

A

Advantage: very detailed results.
Limitation: It must be done in a lab.

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21
Q

What are the advantages of video monitoring?

A

Able to observe movement (eg: sleepwalking)

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22
Q

What are the limitations of video monitoring?

A

Only relies on visuals, doesn’t tell much else.

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23
Q

What are the limitations of using self reports to study sleep?

A
  1. could be biased
  2. person could forget dreams
  3. low accuracy
24
Q

What are the advantages of using self reports to study sleep?

A
  1. able to learn the content of dreams

2. can gain opinions on sleep quality

25
Q

What is the sleep wake cycle shift?

A

During adolescence, melatonin is released 1-2 hours later than usual.

26
Q

What is the delayed onset of sleep?

A

Where adolescents don’t get tired until 1-2 hours later than normal due to the sleep wake cycle shift.

27
Q

Sleep debt

A

Nightly sleep loss that has been accumulated.

28
Q

One cycle of NREM sleep lasts for…

A

70-90 mins

29
Q

One complete sleep cycle (period of NREM + REM) lasts for…

A

80-120 mins

30
Q

How many times does a complete sleep cycle occur during 8 hours of sleep?

A

4-5 times.

31
Q

Why do we need NREM sleep?

A
  1. the body recovers
  2. body tissue is repaired
  3. waste products are removed
  4. replenishes neurotransmitters
32
Q

Hyponogogic State

A

The transition from being awake to being asleep. Characterised by slow, rolling eye movements. May experience flashes of light/colour, floating feeling, dreamlike images, sense of falling or slipping.

33
Q

Hypnic jerk

A

May experience in Stage 1 NREM. A jerking sensation where the body seems to spasm as a result of muscles relaxing.

34
Q

List the characteristics of Stage 1 NREM sleep.

A
  1. Mix of alpha and theta brain waves
  2. still aware of sounds in environment
  3. if woken may feel like haven’t slept at all
  4. 5-10 mins
  5. may experience hypnic jerk
35
Q

List the characteristics of Stage 2 NREM sleep.

A
  1. Theta brainwaves + sleep spindles and K complexes
  2. brain still responds to external stimuli
  3. light but truly asleep
  4. can still be easily woken
  5. 10-20 minutes
36
Q

List the characteristics of Stage 3 NREM sleep.

A
  1. Theta and delta brain waves
  2. if woken become groggy and disoriented
  3. beginning of SWS
  4. 10 minutes
37
Q

List the characteristics of Stage 4 NREM sleep.

A
  1. more than 50% delta waves
  2. barely move
  3. v. difficult to wake
  4. sleepwalking, sleep talking, or night terrors may occur here
  5. if woken may experience sleep inertia
  6. 20 mins (lessens as night goes on)
38
Q

Sleep drunkenness/inertia

A

Grogginess and disorientation experienced when woken from Stage 4 NREM. May take up to 10 minutes to orient themselves.

39
Q

List the characteristics of REM sleep.

A
  1. Eyeballs move rapidly beneath closed eyelids
  2. beta waves
  3. heart rate is faster and more irregular
  4. breathing is faster and more irregular
  5. blood pressure rises
  6. dreams occur here
  7. periods lengthen as night goes on,
40
Q

Why is REM sleep considered ‘paradoxical sleep’?

A

Because internally the brain and body are show similar readings to when awake, but externally the person appears calm and inactive.

41
Q

REM Rebound

A

Catching up on REM sleep immediately following a period of lost REM sleep, spending more time in REM sleep

42
Q

Microsleep

A

Very short period of drowsiness or sleeping that occurs when the person is apparently awake, EEG resembles early stages of NREM sleep

43
Q

List 3 psychological effects of partial sleep deprivation

A
  1. Inability to concentrate for a long period of time
  2. think irrationally or illogically
  3. impaired judgement
44
Q

List 3 physiological effects of partial sleep deprivation

A
  1. Lack of energy
  2. slower reaction times and motor skills
  3. headaches
45
Q

List 3 psychological effects of total sleep deprivation.

A
  1. Hallucinations
  2. Paranoia
  3. Depression
46
Q

List 3 physiological effects of total sleep deprivation

A
  1. Body temperature drops
  2. Immune function impaired
  3. Increased sensitivity to pain
47
Q

Restorative Theory of Sleep

A

Sleep to recover from physical and mental exertion, repair damaged cells and replenish energy stores. Supported because ill people sleep more).

48
Q

Survival Theory of Sleep

A

Night is dangerous for humans, being inactive aids survival, doesn’t explain loss of awareness.

49
Q

List the restorative functions of REM sleep.

A
  1. restores the brain
  2. involved with higher mental functions like learning and memory (consolidation) suggested by the fact REM sleep is more abundant in infants
  3. maintains/exercises neural pathways
50
Q

List the restorative function of NREM sleep.

A
  1. restore and repair the body
  2. facilitate physical growth
  3. repair tissue from fatigue
51
Q

Infants Sleep Pattern

A

16-18 hours total, 50% REM

52
Q

Adolescents Sleep Pattern

A

9 hours total, 2 hours REM

53
Q

Adults Sleep Pattern

A

8 hours total, 2 hours REM

54
Q

Elderly Sleep Pattern

A

6 hours total, 2 hours or 1/3 REM (Ms V says 20%)

55
Q

List 5 facts about Peter Tripp (1959)

A
  1. American radio personality raising money for charity by staying awake
  2. stayed up for 201 hours
  3. after 3 days became abusive and aggressive
  4. when he experienced hallucinations, his brainwaves resembled those in REM sleep (as if dreaming while awake)
  5. his body temperature progressively dropped
56
Q

List 3 facts about Randy Gardner

A
  1. aged 17 high school student testing total sleep deprivation for a science project
  2. stayed up for 264 hours (11 days, world record)
  3. though experienced debilitating psychological and physiological effects, none were long-term.

Psychology (5 decks)

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