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Basic Science Test 4 > 4.2 > Flashcards

4.2 Flashcards

(43 cards)

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1
Q

Superior mediastinum contents

A

Thymus (only in children)
Trachea and esophagus
Great vessels
- aorta and branches
- superior vena cava
- brachiocephalic veins
Thoracic duct
Nerves
- vagus nerves
- phrenic nerves
- left recurrent laryngeal nerve

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2
Q

Anterior mediastinum contents

A

Thymus (only in children)

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3
Q

Middle mediastinum contents

A

Heart
Pericardium
Phrenic nerves

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4
Q

Surface anatomy of the breast

A

Lateral border of sternum to midaxillary line
Ribs 2-6
Extends toward the axillary fossa

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5
Q

Glandular tissue of the breast

A

Mammary gland = modified sweat gland that secretes milk
Glandular tissue, 15-20 lobules
Adipose tissue
No capsule, making it easier for cancer and infection to spread

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6
Q

Structure and surrounding tissue of the breast

A

Compartments
- suspensory ligaments (ligaments of cooper) divide breast into compartments
- anchor to overlying skin
- can prevent spread of infection
Underlying muscles
- pec major/minor (2/3 of breast tissue)
- serratus anterior (1/3 of breast tissue)

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7
Q

Types of mastectomy

A

Simple mastectomy involves removal of the breast down to the retromammary space.
Radical mastectomy involves removal of the breast, pec muscles and fascia, fat, and as many axillary lymph nodes as possible

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8
Q

Neurovasculature of breast

A

Branches of subclavian and axillary arteries
- internal thoracic
- lateral thoracic

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9
Q

Lymph drainage of breast

A

Usually, lymph flows:
- Subareolar lymphatic plexus
- Axillary nodes

Possible drainage:
- Parasternal nodes
- Other breast
- Abdominal nodes

Breast cancer and lymph nodes levels: labeled relative to pec minor
Level I and II nodes are routinely dissected, but dissection of level III carries more complications

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10
Q

Pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
- begins at the choana (boundary of nasal cavity and nasopharynx)
- landmarks: sphenoid and C1-C2
- features: palatoglossus and palatopharyngeal arches

Oropharynx
- begins at the soft palate
- landmarks: C2-C4
- features: uvula and tonsillar tissue

Laryngopharynx
- begins at the epiglottis
- ends at cricoid cartilage
- landmarks: C4-C6

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11
Q

Laryngopharynx muscles

A

External (mainly horizontal)
- swallowing
- N: CN X

Internal (mainly vertical)
- speaking
- N: CN IX

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12
Q

Larynx

A

Organ within the airway that contains the structures of speech production
- covered by the epiglottis in swallowing

Muscles
- extrinsic: move the larynx
- intrinsic: change vocal folds, rima glottidis

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13
Q

Label larynx cartilage

A
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14
Q

Interior larynx

A
  1. epiglottis
  2. vestibular folds = false cords
  3. vocal fold
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15
Q

Trachea

A

Inferior end of the larynx to bifurcation at the sternal angle (T5)
Diameter: 2.5cm
Fibrocartilage
Tracheal rings: cartilage, not complete rings

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16
Q

Root of lung

A

Collective group of structures entering and exiting the lungs

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17
Q

Hilum

A

area on medial surface at which root enters lung tissue

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18
Q

Label lungs

19
Q

Trace air flow

Study These Flashcards
A

Trachea
Left and right mainstem bronchi
Bronci
Bronchioles
Alveoli (O2 and CO2 are exchanged)

20
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

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A

Oxygen poor:
1. Pulmonary trunk
2. Left and right pulmonary arteries
3. Lobar arteries
4. Segmental arteries
Oxygen rich:
5. Alveolar capillary beds
6. 4 pulmonary veins

Blood from the heart flows around alveoli. It is deoxygenated and high in CO2. The gas exchange occurs in the alveoli. Then, blood flows back to the heart where it is oxygenated and low in CO2.

21
Q

Bronchial Circulation

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A

The pulmonary circulation carries blood that is O2 depleted. The lung tissue itself needs O2.
Solution: Bronchial circulation supplies O2 to lung tissue.
- Bronchial branches arise from the aorta.

22
Q

Respiratory tract: lymph drainage

Study These Flashcards
A

Lymph flows from peripheral to medial
From tissue to nodes –> thoracic or R lymphatic duct

23
Q

Diaphragm paralysis

24
Q

Position of the heart

Study These Flashcards
A

Inferior: middle mediastinum
Boundaries:
- lateral: lungs
- inferior: diaphragm
- superior: mediastinum

Asymmetrical
- located off-center to left
- rotated 45º

Relation to bony thoras:
- Deep to sternum and ribs 2-6

Relation to mediastinal viscera:
- Inferior to tracheal bifurcation
- Anterior to esophagus
- Medial to pleura/lungs

25
Pericardium
Encloses heart and great vessels Tough, prevents overfilling, and anchors heart in position Attaches to diaphragm Fibrous and serous layer
26
Describe the fibrous layer of the pericardium of the heart
Fibrous connective tissue Continuous with diaphragmatic fascia inferiorly Separates inferior mediastinum into 3 compartments - anterior: anterior to heart - middle: contains heart - posterior: posterior to heart
27
Describe serous layer of pericardium of the heart
Mesothelium serous membrane Layers - parietal: inner surface of fibrous pericardium - visceral: outer surface of heart (epicardium) - pericardial: serous filled space between layers
28
Heart circulation
Right side - dumps into the R atrium - receives systemic blood - R ventricle pumps pulmonary circulation Left side - L atrium receives pulmonary blood - L ventricle pumps systemic circulation
29
Surface anatomy of the heart
30
Chambers of the heart
Right atrium - blood flows in from the body - inferior and superior vena cava - coronary veins Left atrium - blood flows in from the lungs Right and left ventricles - chordae tendonae keeps cusps and valves taut - papillary muscles adjust tension on chordae tendonae allowing the valve to close without leakage
31
Heart valves
Atrioventricular (AV) valves - from atria to ventricles - named for # of cusps * tricuspid * bicuspid or mitral Semilunar valves - from ventricles to vessels leaving the heart - named for vessel they open into * pulmonic * aortic - when ventricular mm relax, the blood falls back, forcing the semilunar valves closed
32
Auscultations
Aortic: R sternal margin, 2nd intercostal space Pulmonic: L sternal margin, 2nd intercostal space Tricuspid: L sternal margin, 5th intercostal space Mitral: L midclavicular line, 5th intercostal space
33
Heart: septal wall
Wall between R and L ventricle Clinical orientation: looking in mirror Anatomical orientation: looking at another person
34
Coronary arteries
Orifice in the aorta just behind the cusps of aortic valve allow blood to flow into coronary aa. L coronary a. branches into: - circumflex a. - L anterior descending a. (LAD) R coronary a. branches into: - R marginal a. - posterior interventricular a.
35
Myocardial infarction
Occluded (blocked coronary arteries lead to inadequate blood flow to the heart muscle --> myocardial ischemia. - If this persists --> muscle death Persistent absence of O2 --> myocardial infarction = dead heart muscle Coronary artery anastomoses are common. If you exercise regularly = more anastomoses Provide some protection from occlusions to MLS. 3 most common occlusion sites: - LAD (widow maker) - Proximal RCA - LCA circumflex branch Bypass graft often uses saphenous veins. Anastomosis can be formed from internal mammary artery.
36
Heart electrical conduction system
Sinoatrial (SA) node - located on anterior roof of right atrium at base of superior vena cava - pacemaker of the heart Atrioventricular (AV) node - located at posteroinferior interatrial septum beside opening to coronary sinus - transmits signals from SA node to ventricular myocardium
37
Pathway of electrical conduction system transmission
1. SA node 2. Atrial myocardium 3. AV node 4. AV bundle (of His) 5. Left and right bundle branches 6. Purkinje fibers 7. Ventricular myocardium
38
Great vessels of thorax
Aorta Superior vena cava - formed by brachiocephalic veins Inferior vena cava Pulmonary trunk - pulmonary arteries Pulmonary veins SVC and IVC empty into right atrium
39
Venous angle
Formed by superior vena cava and internal jugular vein Lymphatic duct joins venous circulation - R lymphatic duct - thoracic duct
40
Lymphedema
Swelling of soft tissues due to damage or blocked lymph vessels Proteins and fluids continue to enter intersitium from blood capillaries Failure of lymph vessels to drain excess fluid leading to an accumulation Causes - post-surgical lymph node dissection - following radiation therapy - filariasis (elephantisis) - cellulitis - physical trauma - lung cancer
41
Phrenic nerve
Spinal cord C3-C5 Function: sole motor innervation to diaphragm and major sensory innervation to pericardium, mediastinal pleura, and diaphragmatic peritoneum Course - descends into thorax from neck between subclavian artery and vein - runs anterior to root of lung - joined by pericardiacophrenic artery and vein on anterolateral pericardial surface - neurovascular bundle lies in plane between pericardium and mediastinal pleura Pain - stimuli: irritation of pericardium, pleura, peritoneum; nerve compression - transmission: to C3-C5, referral to dermatomes Paralysis - caused by nerve compression and spinal cord injury - effect: paralysis of hemidiaphragm
42
Vagus nerve
Origin: brainstem Major sympathetic innervation to neck, thorax, and abdomen Course - descends into thorax from neck, posterior to SNAPCHAT joint between common carotid artery and internal jugular vein - runs posterior to root of lung - forms plexus on esophageal surface and exits thorax through esophageal hiatus - ends at left colic flexure Branch: Recurrent Laryngeal N - motor to intrinsic laryngeal mm. and sensory to larynx inferior to vocal folds * L recurrent laryngeal: loops under aortic arch * R recurrent laryngeal: loops under subclavian artery - ascends into tracheoesophageal groove - compression of RLN causes unilateral paralysis of vocal cord and hoarseness
43
Abdominal aorta
Enters at T12 Descends vertebral column, left of midline Retroperitoneal Bifurcates into common iliac arteries at L4 Branches - Parietal * right and left phrenic arteries * 4 pairs of lumbar arteries * median sacral artery - Paired visceral * right and left surarenal * right and left renal arteries * right and left gonadal arteries - Unpaired visceral * celiac trunk * superior mesenteric artery * inferior mesenteric artery

Basic Science Test 4 (4 decks)

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