4.2 3 domains and phylogeny

Question 1

what happens to classification systems as we learn more about organisms?

Answer 1

they change

Question 2

what changes as organisms evolve?

Answer 2

their internal and external features as well as their DNA

Question 3

scientists can discover evolutionary relationships by comparing similarities in what?

Answer 3

organisms DNA and proteins

Question 4

what domain system did Carl Woese develop?

Answer 4

the 3 domain system

Question 5

in the 3 domain system organisms are grouped using differences in what?

Answer 5

sequences of nucleotides in cells rRNA
cell membrane lipid structure
sensitivity to antibiotics

Question 6

from the 60s organisms have been classified in which system?

Answer 6

5 kingdom system

Question 7

in the 5 kingdom system what are organism groups based on?

Answer 7

common physical characteristics

Question 8

what are the 3 domains in the 3 domain system?

Answer 8

archaea
bacteria
eukarya

Question 9

how many kingdoms are in the 3 domain system?

Answer 9

6

Question 10

what does the eukarya domain consist of?

Answer 10

80s ribosomes

RNA polymerase contains12 proteins

Question 11

what does the archara domain consist of?

Answer 11

70s ribosomes

RNA polymerase contains- 10 proteins similar to eukaryotic ribosomes

Question 12

what does the bacteria domain consist of?

Answer 12

70s ribosomes

RNA polymerase contains 5 proteins

Question 13

archaea domain contains which kingdom?

Answer 13

archaebacteria kingdom

Question 14

the bacteria domain contains which kingdom?

Answer 14

eubacteria kingdom

Question 15

the eukarya domain contains which kingdoms?

Answer 15

Protista
fungi
plantae
animalia

Question 16

what are archaebacteria?

Answer 16

ancient bacteria

Question 17

where can archaebacteria live? give examples.

Answer 17

extreme environments

e.g. hot thermal conditions, acidic environments, anaerobic conditions

Question 18

give an example of archaebacteria surviving in extreme environments:

Answer 18

methanogens in sewage treatment plants (anaerobic conditions)

Question 19

where are eubacteria found?

Answer 19

found in all environments

Question 20

(Phylogeny) what is phylogeny the study of?

Answer 20

How closely different species are related - the evolutionary relationship between them

Question 21

(Phylogeny) phylogeny is used as a basis for what?

Answer 21

Classification

Question 22

(Phylogeny) what is a phylogeny tree?

Answer 22

Diagram used to represent evolutionary relationships between organisms

Question 23

(Phylogeny) the closer related the species the closer they appear where?

Answer 23

On the tree

Question 24

(Phylogeny) what are found at the base of the tree and what are found at the tips?

Answer 24

Base - earliest species

Tips - most recent species

Question 25

(Phylogeny) trees are produced by looking at differences in what?

Answer 25

Species physical characteristics and genetic makeup

Question 26

(Phylogeny) the set of organisms in the tree is known as what?

Answer 26

A taxa

Question 27

(Phylogeny) the tips of the tree represent group of descendant what?

Answer 27

Taxa- often species

Question 28

(Phylogeny) noses of the tree represent what?

Answer 28

Common ancestors of the descendants

Question 29

(Phylogeny) two descendants splitting from the same group are known as what?

Answer 29

Sister groups

Question 30

(Phylogeny) what is the outgroup?

Answer 30

Taxon outside the group of interest, less closely related

Question 31

(Phylogeny) what does phylogeny consider in classifying animals?

Answer 31

Their genes

Question 32

Give an example of wrong classification based on physical appearance:

Answer 32

Dolphins classified as fish when they are mammals

Question 33

(Phylogeny) phylogenic classification is useful as it takes into account what?

Answer 33

Evolutionary relationships not visible by physical characteristics

Question 34

(Phylogeny) advantage - groups shown according to what rather than being hierarchical?

Answer 34

Shown according to evolutionary position so their evolutionary relationships can be compared

Question 35

(Phylogeny) advantage - classification forms a continuous tree so organisms don't have to be forced into what?

Answer 35

Groups they don't fit in