42

Question 1

single circulation

Answer 1

bony fish
ray fish
shark

2 chambered heart
deoxygenated blood in heart
BP drop as it goes through gills

Question 2

amphibian

Answer 2

O2 poor blood
pulmocutaneous circuit
3chambered heart
a ridge in ventricle
forked artery  split blood to systematic and pulmocutaneous

Question 3

reptile

Answer 3

pulmonary circuit
3 chambered heart
incomplete septum

Question 4

atriovanticular valve

Answer 4

separate atrium and ventricle

Question 5

semilunar valve

Answer 5

blood flow in artert and vein

Question 6

systole

Answer 6

contraction phase

Question 7

diastole

Answer 7

relaxation or filing phase

Question 8

stroke volume

Answer 8

amount of blood pumped per contraction

Question 9

cardiac cycle

Answer 9

1- Atrial & ventricular diastole (0.4) ; relaxation phase blood flows to atria and ventricle through AV

2-A systole V diastole (0.1) : atria contrats

3-V systole A diastole ( 0.3) : vertical pump blood into arteries through semilunar valve

Question 10

sinoatrial node

Answer 10

impulse travel through atrioventricular node

delayed impulse because of parkinje fiber to make vertical contraction

Question 11

Cardiac output

Answer 11

volume of blood pumped into systemic circulation per minute

Question 12

capilarries

Answer 12

endothelium

basal lamina

Question 13

arteries and veins

Answer 13

endothelium
smooth muscle
connective tissue

Question 14

systolic pressure

Answer 14

in artery
ventricular systole
highest pressure
the spike–> artery resistance

Question 15

diastolic pressure

Answer 15

in artery
diastole
arteries fill faster than they can empty

Question 16

driving force of blood out of capillary

Answer 16

difference between blood pressure and osmotic pressure

Question 17

edema

Answer 17

swelling caused by disruption in the flow od lymph

Question 18

plasma

Answer 18

water
ions ( NA, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, HCO3) : osmotic balance, PH buffering , regulating of membrane permeability

plasma protein (albumin, fibrinogen, immunoglobulin) : Osmotic balance ,pH buffering, clotting , defence

nutrients

waste

gas

hormone

Question 19

Albumin

Answer 19

osmatic balance

PH buffering

Question 20

fibrinogen

Answer 20

clotting

Question 21

erythrocyte

Answer 21

hemoglobin
each molecule of hb bind to 4 O2
in mammal lack nuclei and mitochondria
each 250 M molecules of hemoglobin

Question 22

clotting

Answer 22

prothrombin —(plalete+damaged cell+plasma ( Ca, Vit K))—> thrombin —>Fibrinogen –>Fibrin

Question 23

Blood flow in veins

Answer 23

smooth muscle contraction, skeletal muscle contraction, and expansion of vena cava with inhalation

Question 24

erythropoietin

Answer 24

hormone

stimulates erythrocyte production when O2 delivery low

Question 25

rate of diffusion

Answer 25

- proportional to surface area of respiratory membrane | - inversely proportional to the square of the distance through which molecule diffuses

Question 26

gills

Answer 26

outfolding of body suspended in water counter current exchange system ( blood flow opposite direction of water flow ) why ectotherm like lamilla

Question 27

ventilation

Answer 27

process of moving the respiratory medium over the respiratory surface partial pressure exchange of gas

Question 28

Trachea

Answer 28

network of tiny branching tubules ( trachea) that penetrate body respiratory and circulatory are separate

Question 29

lungs

Answer 29

``` nostrils pharynx larynx ( vocal cord) trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli ``` alveoli lack cilia

Question 30

pressure of O2

Answer 30

alveoli 104 mmHG | pulmonary artery 40 mmHG

Question 31

frog

Answer 31

push air into lungs | positive pressure

Question 32

bird lung

Answer 32

first inhalation : posterior sacs first exhalation : air into lung second inhalation : air from lung to anterior airsac second exhalation; out of body

Question 33

tidal volume

Answer 33

500ml | air inhaled in each breath

Question 34

vital capacity

Answer 34

4.7 L | max tidal volume

Question 35

residual volume

Answer 35

1.2 L | after exhalation

Question 36

medulla

Answer 36

regulate rate and depth of breath in response to PH in cerebrospinal match metabolic demand

Question 37

respiratory pigment

Answer 37

pr that transport O2 most vertebrate and invertebrate: hemoglobin arthropod and mollusc : hemocyanin with copper bind to O2

Question 38

Co2 transport

Answer 38

7% with plasma 23% aminoacid end of hb 70%blood plasna as HCO3