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Biology Year 1 > 4.2 biodiversity > Flashcards

4.2 biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

what is habitat biodiversity

A

refers to the number of different habitats found in a certain area

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2
Q

how does the number of habitats effect the biodiversity

A

Each habitat can support different number of species.

Therefore, the greater the habitat biodiversity the greater the species biodiversity

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3
Q

what is species biodiversity

A

is the number of species & individuals within each species in a community.

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4
Q

what are the 2 different components of species biodiversity

A

Species Richness
Species Everness

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5
Q

what is species richness & how to find it

A

Species Richness is the number of different species in a particular area at a particular time. To measure you would record the number of different species that are present. The investigator would also have identification keys.

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6
Q

what is species everness & how to find it

A

species evenness is the comparison of the numbers of individuals of each species living in a community and whether it’s evenly distributed. To measure you would record the number of individuals present for each species identified.

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7
Q

what is genetic biodiversity

A

Genetic Biodiversity refers to the variety of genes amongst all the individuals in a population of one species.

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8
Q

why is genetic biodiversity useful

A

Greater the genetic biodiversity within a species allows for better adaptation to a changing environment and is more likely to result in individuals who are resistant to disease

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9
Q

what is sampling used for

A

Sampling can be used to estimate the number of organisms in an area without having to count them all

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10
Q

what 2 things must you do to ensure that sample is represensative

A

Take a large sample: You can calculate a mean & statistical test to see if any differences or correlations you see are significant

Random Sampling: To ensure there is no bias

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11
Q

random sampling description (3)

A

Selecting individuals by chance

Everyone in the population has an equal chance of selection

To decide which organism to study random number tables or computers can be used & you should not be involved on deciding

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12
Q

what is opportunity sampling & why is it weak

A

Involves sampling organism which are conveniently available and therefore involves bias

Doesn’t accurately represent population

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13
Q

stratified sampling & example to the different strata

A

Some populations or habitats can be separated into groups to sample from

For example, when sampling a pond, you may split the bond into 3 regions (surface, shallow, and deep-water regions). You would then take random samples with each group (strata)

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14
Q

what is systematic sampling

A

Involves identifying different areas within a habitat to sample which are then samples separately

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15
Q

when is systematic used

A

to measure distribution in different regions to see if it has effect on biodiversity

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16
Q

what 2 techniques are used to carry out sampling

A

Line Transect

Belt Transect

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17
Q

describe line transect

A

This involves marking a line along the ground between 2 poles and taking samples at specified points. This can include describing all the organisms which touch the line or distance of samples from the line.

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18
Q

what is belt transect

A

This involves placing a single tape measure along sample area and at regular set distances along the tape measure you would place a quadrat and record data

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19
Q

what are 2 biases that must be taken into consideration when taking sample

A

Sample Bias
Chance bias

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20
Q

what is sample bias

A

The selection process may be biased. This may be by accident or may occur deliberately. For example, you may choose to some point particular area that has more flowers because it looks interesting. The effects of sampling bias can be reduced using random sampling where human involvement in choosing the sample is removed.

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21
Q

what is chance bias

A

The organisms selected by chance may not be representative of the whole population. For example, a sample of five ones collected in a trap may be the five longest in the habitat. Chance can never be removed completely from the process, but its effect can be minimised by using a larger sample size. The greater the number of individuals studied, the lower the probability that transferred influenced the result. Therefore, the larger sample size would be more reliable.

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22
Q

what is pooter and how is it carried out

A

These are used to capture very small insects. Two tubes are connected to a closed pot. The investigator sucks on one tube and places the other tube over the insect. This creates A suction and draws the insect into the pot. A filter before mouthpiece prevents them from being sucked into mouth

23
Q

what is sweeping nets

A

Nets that can be used to capture insects with long grass

24
Q

what is pitfall trap

A

A hole is dug in the ground and a pot is placed within it. Small invertebrates may crawl into the trap and will be unable to crawl out. A roof-like structure is placed on the top to prevent the trap from filling with rainwater and investigators will return daily to collect results and release the animals.

25
Q

what is tree sampling

A

This is used to take samples of invertebrates living in a tree or Bush. A large white cloth is stretched around the tree. The tree is shaken or beaten to dislodge the invertebrates. The animals will fall onto the sheet where they can be collected and studied.

26
Q

what is kick sampling

A

This is used to study the organisms living in a river. The riverbank and the bed is kicked for a period of time to disturb the substrate and that is held that just downstream for a set period of time in order to capture any organisms released into the flowing water.

27
Q

what are the 2 types of quadrats

A

Point
Frame

28
Q

what is point quadrat

A

This consists of A-frame containing A horizontal bar. At set intervals along the bar, long pins can be pushed through the bar to reach the ground. Each species of plant the pin touches is recorded.

29
Q

what is frame Quadrat

A

This consists of a square frame divided into a grid of equal sections. The type and number of species within each section of the quadrant is recorded.

30
Q

what 3 methods are used to record the species present and explain each one

A

Density: This is when you count the individuals present

Frequency: This is a very quick method and requires a quadrat with 100 squares. You count how many squares out of the 100 the species you are investigating are in. If the plant species was present in 25 squares the frequency would be 25%

Percentage Cover: Estimate the percentage of the entire quadrat covered with the species that is being investigated. This method is quick.

31
Q

why is genetic biodiversity importants

A

Members of species have different versions of genes called alleles

These alleles create genetic biodiversity within a species

If there are more alleles there will be more biodiversity and the species is likely to adapt to a change in environment

32
Q

which 2 factors affect genetic biodiversity

A

Mutation in DNA of organism creates new allele

Gene flow is when an individual migrates from one population and breeds with another population which transfers alleles between the 2 populations

33
Q

what 6 factors decrease genetic bioidiversity

A

Selective breeding we’re only a few individuals within a population are selected for their advantageous characteristics and bred

Captive breeding ensues and conservation centres were only a small number of individuals can breed.

During selective breeding, some characteristics of species become less popular or unfashionable, therefore the number of fall due to lack of breeding

Due to natural selection, species will evolve to contain primarily the ideas which called for advantageous characteristics. Over time, I’ll use coding for less advantageous characteristics, will be lost from a population or only remain in a few individuals.

Genetic bottleneck is where a few individuals within a population survive an event. Or a change, thus reducing the gene pool. Only the ideas of the surviving members of the population are available to be passed on to offspring.

The founder effect is where a small number of individuals create a new colony geographically isolated from the original. The gene pool for this new population is thus small.

34
Q

what is the polymorphic gene

A

gene that has more than one allele

35
Q

how is polymorphic genes useful

A

Increases genetic diversity

36
Q

equation for measuring genetic diversity

A

Proportion Of Polymorphic Gene Loci = Number of Polymorphic gene Loci / total number of genes

37
Q

how does deforestation affect biodiversity. 3 negative and 1 positive

A
  • Destroys habitats available
  • Destroys food source
  • Animals are forced to migrate to other areas which could increase biodiversity in other regions
  • Animals are forced to migrate to other areas which could decrease biodiversity if they don’t adapt well
38
Q

4 negative impacts agriculture has on biodiversity

A

Deforestation takes place to increase the area of land available for growing crops or rearing animals.

Removal of hedgerows because it frees up extra land for crop growing.

Usage of chemicals such as pesticides on her, besides which are used to kill pests that would eat the crop or live on the animal. This reduces species diversity directly as that destroys the pest species and indirectly destroying the food source of other organisms.

Monoculture is when larges acres of land is devoted to grow one type of crop. This reduces the biodiversity of animals as they will struggle to survive on one type of food source.

39
Q

4 negative impacts of climate change on biodiversity

A

Melting of ice caps could lead to extinction of species which require ice caps

Rising sea levels could flood low-lying areas and reduce available terrestrial resources & habitats

Salt water would flow further up rivers, reducing the habitats of freshwater plants and animals living in the river and surrounding areas.

Higher temperatures and lower rainfall could mean certain plants & animals are unable to survive which has a massive domino effect

Xerophytes are becoming the dominant species in some areas, with these plants outcompeting others as they can survive in harsher abiotic conditions

40
Q

how are xerophytes evidence of climate change affecting biodiversity

A

Xerophytes are becoming the dominant species in some areas, with these plants outcompeting others as they can survive in harsher abiotic conditions

41
Q

3 aesthetic reasons to maintain biodiversity

A

Being in nature around animals and plants enriches people’s lives and This is why they might choose to visit different environments like the rainforest and beaches to relax

Nature is also a creative inspiration for art, music and writers.

Being amongst nature has been shown to improve people’s mental health.

42
Q

4 economic reasons to maintain biodiversity

A

Soil erosion and desertification may occur because of deforestation. These reduce a country’s ability to grow crops and feed its people, which can lead to a resource and economic dependence on other nations.

Many medicines have been based on chemicals naturally occurring in plants, so plant species going extinct could have potentially held the molecules needed to cure a disease in humans.

Tourism often relies on people visiting areas of natural beauty and observing animals in their natural habitat. Extinction of these habitats, plants and animals could reduce tourism and therefore impact the economy.

We must conserve all organisms as they might be useful in the future or in the present for certain resources that we may need.

43
Q

1 ecological reason to maintain biodiversity

A

Keystone species maintain the structure of whole community. If they go extinct the biodiversity will significantly drop as they are essential

44
Q

what are the 2 methods of maintaining biodiversity

A
  1. In situ (Within natural habitat)
  2. Ex situ (Not within natural habitat)
45
Q

2 In situ strategies to maintaining biodiversity

A
  1. Wildlife Reserves
  2. Marine Conservative Zones
46
Q

6 techniques used in wildlife reserves

A

Controlled grazing -

Restricting human access. For example, not allowing people to visit certain areas during reproductive seasons or by providing paths which must be followed to prevent plants from being trampled

Controlling poaching- This includes creating defences to prevent access issuing fines

Feeding animals- This technique can help to ensure more organisms survive to reproductive age.

Re introduction of species- Adding species to areas that have become locally extinct or whose numbers have decreased significantly.

Whenever of invasive species- An invasive species is an Organism that is not native to an area and has negative effects on economy, environment or health. These organisms compete with native species for resources.

47
Q

how does marine conservation zones work

A

Areas which are designated for wildlife to recover and repopulate by not letting tourism near and making fishing illegal

48
Q

3 ex situ strategies to maintain biodiversity

A
  1. Botanical banks
  2. Seed banks
  3. Captive breeds
49
Q

how do botanical banks work

A

store wide range of plant species and where they can be grown successfully

They are actively managed to provide best resources and ideal setting to grow (nutrient rich soil, sufficient sunlight & water, protection from pest)

50
Q

how do seed banks work

A

Seed Banks are a store of genetic material.

Seeds of variety of plants species are stored in water and temperature-controlled environments to keep them viable for longer and ensure they can still germinate. These are stored as a backup for potential plant species that may go extinct

51
Q

how does captive breeding porgramme work

A

programmes which involve reproducing animals in zoos and aquariums

The aim is to increase the number of endangered species, and these individuals can then be reintroduced into the wild

52
Q

explain the convention on international trade in endangered species (CITIES)

A

A treaty that regulates the trade of international animals, plants and their products. This regulation of international trade requires cooperation and agreement between countries.

53
Q

explain the Rio convention on biological diversity

A

Nations met up in Rio and came up with 3 agreements

Countries must come up with strategies for sustainable development

To stabilize greenhouse gas emissions and concentrations within the atmosphere

To prevent the destruction of fertile land into desert and reduce the effects of drought.

54
Q

what is the countryside stewardship scheme

A

Payments were made to farmers to enhance and conserve English landscape

Biology Year 1 (16 decks)

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