4.2 Bonding, structure, and the properties of matter Flashcards
(36 cards)
What is ionic bonding?
Ionic bonding is the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, forming ions.
What are ions?
Ions are charged particles formed when atoms gain or lose electrons.
What is a cation?
A cation is a positively charged ion, formed when an atom loses electrons.
What is an anion?
An anion is a negatively charged ion, formed when an atom gains electrons.
What is covalent bonding?
Covalent bonding is the sharing of electrons between two non-metal atoms.
What is metallic bonding?
Metallic bonding is the attraction between metal cations and a sea of delocalized electrons.
What is the octet rule?
The octet rule states that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a full outer shell of 8 electrons.
What is the structure of ionic compounds?
Ionic compounds form a regular lattice structure where each ion is surrounded by ions of opposite charge.
What are the properties of ionic compounds?
They have high melting and boiling points, and conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in water.
Why do ionic compounds have high melting/boiling points?
Because of the strong electrostatic forces between oppositely charged ions in the lattice.
Why do ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten or in solution?
Because the ions are free to move and carry charge.
What are the properties of simple covalent molecules?
They have low melting and boiling points, and they do not conduct electricity because they have no free electrons or ions.
What is a simple covalent molecule?
A simple covalent molecule is a molecule consisting of a few atoms held together by covalent bonds.
Why do simple covalent molecules have low melting and boiling points?
Because they have weak intermolecular forces, requiring less energy to break.
What is a polymer?
A polymer is a long chain molecule made up of repeating units called monomers.
What are the properties of metals?
Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity, they are malleable, and they have high melting and boiling points.
Why are metals good conductors of electricity?
Because of the delocalized electrons that are free to move and carry charge.
What is malleability?
Malleability is the ability of a material to be hammered or pressed into shape without breaking.
What is ductility?
Ductility is the ability of a material to be stretched into a wire without breaking.
What is a giant covalent structure?
A giant covalent structure is a large network of atoms bonded by covalent bonds, such as diamond and graphite.
What is the structure of diamond?
In diamond, each carbon atom is covalently bonded to four other carbon atoms, forming a strong, rigid structure.
Why is diamond hard?
Because it has a strong covalent network of atoms that require a large amount of energy to break.
What is the structure of graphite?
In graphite, each carbon atom is bonded to three other carbon atoms, forming layers that can slide over each other.
Why is graphite soft and slippery?
The layers in graphite can slide over each other due to weak forces between them, making it slippery.
