4.2 classification and evolution

Question 1

why would we classify organisms?

Answer 1

-to identify species and avoid confusion
-to predict characteristics
-to find evolutionary links

Question 2

what do you call the grouping of organisms?

Answer 2

classification

Question 3

what is taxonomy?

Answer 3

the theory and practise of classification

Question 4

what is taxonomy?

Answer 4

a form of classification that focuses on similarities between different…

Question 5

what is phylogeny?

Answer 5

a way of classifying organisms to show the evolutionary reltionships between them so that every group shows a commo ancestor

Question 6

what does artificial classification do?

Answer 6

divides orgnisms according to observable similarities and differences
-e.g colour, size and number of legs

Question 7

why doesn’t artificial classification show any evolutionary relationships?

Answer 7

because although they have the sae function, they evolved seperately

Question 8

what is natural classification?

Answer 8

it is based upon evolution relationships between organisms and their ancestors

Question 9

name all 8 of the thingies

Answer 9

-domain
-kingdom
-phylum
-class
-order
-family
-genus
-species

Question 10

in binomial naming, what does the first part indicate and how is it written?

Answer 10

first part indicates the genus
starts with a capital letter

Question 11

in binomial naming, what does the second part mean?
how is it written?

Answer 11

the second part indicates the species
dtsrtd with lower case

Question 12

what happens with bionmial naming if a subspecies is identified?

Answer 12

an extra name is added To their binomial name

Question 13

how would you write the binomial names if you couldn’t do italics?

Answer 13

underline them

Question 14

what would be expected to see in closely rrlated species’ DNA?

Answer 14

if theyre closely related, you’d expect to see similarities in their DNA base sequences

Question 15

what are molecular systematics?

Answer 15

they use molecules such as DNA, RNA and proteins (amino acids) to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms

Question 16

what are the three domains?

Answer 16

-eukrarya
-archaea
-bacteria

Question 17

what does Woese’s system acknowledge?

Answer 17

-differences in the sequence of nucleotides in the cells’ ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
-differences in the cells’ membrane lipid structure and their sensitivity to antibiotics

Question 18

Eukarya
how many ribosomes?
how many proteins does the RNA polyerase have?

Answer 18

-eukarya have 80s ribosomes
-RNA polymerase has 12 proteins

Question 19

archaea
how many ribosomes?
how many proteins does the RNA polyerase have?

Answer 19

-archaea have 70s ribosomes
-8-10 proteins

Question 20

bacteria
how many ribosomes?
how many proteins does the RNA polyerase have?

Answer 20

-70s ribosomes
-5 proteins

Question 21

what are the structural differences between bacteria and the other 2 domains?

Answer 21

-different cell membrane structure
-flagella with a different internal structure
-different enzymes for synthesising RNA
-no proteins bound to their genetic material
-differentnmechanims for DNA replication and for RNA synthesis

Question 22

what are the differences between bacteria and archaebacteria?

Answer 22

-different chemical makeup
-bacteria is found in all environments
-archaebacteria is ancient and can live in extreme environments

Question 23

state 2 differences between fungi and plants

Answer 23

-fundi don’t have chloroplasts whereas plants do
-fungi can produce spores, plants don’t
-chitin cell wall vs cellulose cell wall

Question 24

explain why prokaryotes are now classified as 2 separate domains?
3 marks

Answer 24

archaebacteria and eubacteria have different chemical makeups.
fubacteria ………

Question 25

what is evidence of evolution?

Answer 25

-palaeantology -comparative anatomy -comparative chemistry

Question 26

what is divergent evolution?

Answer 26

the functions have evolved over time but are from a common ancestor

Question 27

what is comparative biochemistry?

Answer 27

the study of similarities and differences in the proteins and other molecules that control life processes between organisms

Question 28

what does it mean if a molecule is highly conserved among species?

Answer 28

it mens that it remains unchanged among species

Question 29

what are the 2 most common studied molecules?

Answer 29

-cytochromec -rRNA

Question 30

what is cytochromec?

Answer 30

it is a protein that is involved in respiration

Question 31

why doesn't the variability in molecules affect the function?

Answer 31

because the variability occurs outside of the functional regions.

Question 32

what are that don't affect the function called?

Answer 32

they are called 'neutral'

Question 33

how do they figure out how closely related two species are?

Answer 33

the order of DNA bases or the order of amino acids in a protein are compared

Question 34

what can be used to extrapolate how long ago 2 organisms had a shared common ancestor?

Answer 34

if you know the average mutation rate

Question 35

why is rRNA commonly used with fossil record info to determine relationships between ancient species?

Answer 35

because rRNA has a very slow rate of substitution

Question 36

how can mitochondrial DNA be used to trace the path of evolution?

Answer 36

-mDNA is always pssed from mother to offspring -mDNA has a higher rate of mutation that nDNA so there is lots of variation of mDNA between humans from different part sof the world -allows the path of evolution to be traced

Question 37

why is there a lot of vaiation of mDNA between humans from different parts of the world?

Answer 37

because mDNA has a higher rate of mutation than nuclear DNA so there is a lot of variation

Question 38

what are the three types of adaptations?

Answer 38

-anatomical adaptations -behavioural adaptations -physiological adaptations

Question 39

what are anatomical adaptations?

Answer 39

physical structure/features internal and external

Question 40

what are behavioural adaptations?

Answer 40

the way that organisms act itended and learned

Question 41

what are physiological adaptations?

Answer 41

processes that take place inside an organism

Question 42

anatomical adaptations how does ... contribute? body covering

Answer 42

hair/fur scale feathers shells spines

Question 43

anatomical adaptations how does ... contribute? camouflage

Answer 43

outer colour can help them blend into their environment

Question 44

anatomical adaptations how does ... contribute? feeding

Answer 44

teeth related to diet

Question 45

anatomical adaptations how does ... contribute? mimicry

Answer 45

copying another organisms appearance or sounds to fool predators into thinking its dangerous

Question 46

anatomical adaptations how does ... contribute? water regulation

Answer 46

thick waxy cuticle - plants

Question 47

anatomical adaptations how does ... contribute? locomotion

Answer 47

streamlined shapes/fins

Question 48

anatomical adaptations how does ... contribute? communication

Answer 48

displaying bright colours to warn other species of toxicity