4.2 Organisation

Question 1

What are cells?

Answer 1

Cells are the basic building blocks of all living organisms.

Question 2

What is a tissue?

Answer 2

A tissue is a group of cells with a similar structure and function.

Question 3

What are organs?

Answer 3

Organs are aggregations of tissues performing specific functions.

Question 4

What are organ systems?

Answer 4

Organ systems are groups of organs that work together to form organisms.

Question 5

What is the relationship between cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems?

Answer 5

Cells form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs form organ systems, which work together to form organisms.

Question 6

What is the relationship between cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems?

Answer 6

Cell – The basic building block of life.
Tissue – A group of similar cells working together.
Organ – A collection of tissues performing specific functions.
Organ System – A group of organs working together to perform complex functions.

Question 7

What is the digestive system?

Answer 7

The digestive system is an organ system where several organs work together to digest and absorb food.

Question 8

What role do enzymes play in the digestive system?

Answer 8

Enzymes catalyse specific reactions to break down food into smaller molecules for absorption.

Question 9

What is the ‘lock and key theory’ of enzyme action?

Answer 9

The ‘lock and key theory’ explains how enzymes catalyse reactions where the enzyme’s active site is specific to the substrate like a key fitting into a lock.

Question 10

What is amylase and what does it do?

Answer 10

Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starch into simple sugars.

Question 11

What is the role of bile?

Answer 11

Bile neutralizes stomach acid and emulsifies fats increasing the surface area for fat breakdown by lipase.

Question 12

What does amylase break down?

Answer 12

Amylase breaks down starch into simple sugars.

Question 13

What do proteases break down?

Answer 13

Proteases break down proteins into amino acids.

Question 14

What do lipases break down?

Answer 14

Lipases break down lipids (fats) into glycerol and fatty acids.

Question 15

What is the role of bile in fat digestion?

Answer 15

Bile emulsifies fat increasing the surface area for lipase action to break down fats.

Question 16

What is the function of the heart?

Answer 16

The heart pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system.

Question 17

What is the role of the right ventricle?

Answer 17

The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs for gas exchange.

Question 18

What is the role of the left ventricle?

Answer 18

The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

Question 19

What are the main blood vessels associated with the heart?

Answer 19

The main blood vessels are the aorta vena cava

Question 20

What is the function of arteries?

Answer 20

Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart at high pressure.

Question 21

What is the function of veins?

Answer 21

Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart at lower pressure.

Question 22

What is the function of capillaries?

Answer 22

Capillaries allow the exchange of gases nutrients

Question 23

What is the natural resting heart rate controlled by?

Answer 23

The natural resting heart rate is controlled by a group of cells in the right atrium acting as a pacemaker.

Question 24

What is an artificial pacemaker?

Answer 24

An artificial pacemaker is an electrical device used to correct irregularities in the heart rate.

Question 25

What is blood made of?

Answer 25

Blood consists of plasma red blood cells

Question 26

What is the function of red blood cells?

Answer 26

Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to tissues and return carbon dioxide to the lungs for exhalation.

Question 27

What is the function of white blood cells?

Answer 27

White blood cells protect the body from infections by identifying and attacking pathogens.

Question 28

What is the function of platelets?

Answer 28

Platelets help in blood clotting to prevent excessive bleeding when injuries occur.

Question 29

What causes coronary heart disease?

Answer 29

Coronary heart disease is caused by a buildup of fatty material in the coronary arteries reducing blood flow to the heart muscle.

Question 30

What are stents used for in coronary heart disease?

Answer 30

Stents are used to keep the coronary arteries open allowing normal blood flow.

Question 31

What are statins used for?

Answer 31

Statins are used to reduce blood cholesterol levels and slow down the buildup of fatty material in the arteries.

Question 32

What are faulty heart valves?

Answer 32

Faulty heart valves prevent proper blood flow within the heart and may require replacement with biological or mechanical valves.

Question 33

What is a heart transplant?

Answer 33

A heart transplant involves replacing a damaged or diseased heart with a donor heart.

Question 34

What is an artificial heart?

Answer 34

An artificial heart is used to temporarily replace a damaged heart or to keep a patient alive until a heart transplant is available.

Question 35

What is health?

Answer 35

Health is the state of physical and mental well-being where an individual is free from illness or injury.

Question 36

What is the relationship between health and disease?

Answer 36

Health is impacted by diseases which can be communicable or non-communicable

Question 37

What are risk factors for disease?

Answer 37

Risk factors increase the likelihood of developing a disease and can include lifestyle choices genetics

Question 38

What is the effect of smoking on health?

Answer 38

Smoking increases the risk of lung diseases cardiovascular problems

Question 39

What is the effect of alcohol on health?

Answer 39

Excessive alcohol consumption can damage the liver impair brain function

Question 40

What is obesity?

Answer 40

Obesity is excess body fat that increases the risk of diseases like Type 2 diabetes cardiovascular diseases

Question 41

What are carcinogens?

Answer 41

Carcinogens are substances that cause cancer by damaging DNA such as tobacco smoke or ionizing radiation.

Question 42

What is cancer?

Answer 42

Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and division due to mutations in genes that regulate the cell cycle.

Question 43

What are benign and malignant tumours?

Answer 43

Benign tumours are non-cancerous grow slowly

Question 44

What are the main types of plant tissues?

Answer 44

Plant tissues include epidermal tissue palisade mesophyll

Question 45

What is xylem?

Answer 45

Xylem is plant tissue that transports water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.

Question 46

What is phloem?

Answer 46

Phloem is plant tissue that transports sugars and other organic compounds from the leaves to the rest of the plant.

Question 47

What is transpiration?

Answer 47

Transpiration is the process where water is absorbed by the roots and evaporated from the leaves helping in nutrient transport and temperature regulation.

Question 48

What is the function of root hair cells?

Answer 48

Root hair cells are specialized for the absorption of water and minerals from the soil through osmosis and active transport.

Question 49

What is the role of stomata?

Answer 49

Stomata control gas exchange and water loss in plants.

Question 50

What is transpiration stream?

Answer 50

The transpiration stream is the flow of water through a plant from the roots to the leaves

Question 51

What is the role of guard cells?

Answer 51

Guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata to regulate gas exchange and water loss.

Question 52

What is the structure of phloem?

Answer 52

Phloem is made up of tubes of elongated cells that transport sugars from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

Question 53

What is the function of phloem?

Answer 53

Phloem transports dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or storage.