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Bioleg Uned 4 > 4.2 Sexual Reproduction in Humans > Flashcards

4.2 Sexual Reproduction in Humans Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

Scrotum

A

Sac of skin where the temperature is lower than the temperature inside the body - optimum temperature for sperm development

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2
Q

Testes

A

Produce Spermatazoa and the male hormone testosterone

contained in scrotum

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3
Q

Epididymis

A

A long coiled tube outside testes. Sperm remain here for a short time while they become mature

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4
Q

Vas deferens

A

A tube that carries sperm out of testes to urethra

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5
Q

Seminal vesicle

A

Produces mucus secretions which aid sperm mobility. Mucus contains a mix of chemicals which include fructose used in respiration for movment

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6
Q

Prostrate gland

A

Secretes zinc-containing fluid

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7
Q

Urethra

A

tube that carries urine and semen out of body

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8
Q

Penis

A

An intromittent organ deliveling sperm copulation

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9
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

General Epithelium (2n)
(Mitosis)
Spermatogonium (2n)
(Mitosis)
Primary Spermatocyte (2n)
(Meiosis 1)
Secondary Spermatocyte (n)
(Meiosis 2)
Spermatids (n)
(Mature)
Spermatozoa

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10
Q

Ovary

A

Produce the female gametes and make female hormones

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11
Q

Oviduct

A

Mucular tube that contains the egg to the uterus

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12
Q

Uterus

A

Muscular organ wich functions to nourish and house the fertilized egg untill the unborn childed is ready to be delivered

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13
Q

Endometrium

A

the lining of the womb - where the embryo plants during pregnancy and shed duringn mensturation

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14
Q

Cervix

A

Ring of muscle between uterus and vagina

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15
Q

Vagina

A

closed muscular canal that extends from vulva to cervix

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16
Q

Oogenesis

A

General Epithelium (2n)
(Mitosis)
Oogonium (2n)
Mitosis
Primary oocytes (2n)
(Meiosis 1 - stops at prophase - before birth)
Secondary oocyte (n)
(Meiosis 2 - stops at metaphase - after puberty)
Ovum (n)
After fertilisation

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17
Q

What happens at day 14?

A

Ovulation

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18
Q

What does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

Progesterone

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19
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A

After fertilization the remaining folicle develops into the corpus luteum

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20
Q

Clevage

A

sequence of mitotic divisions as the embryo moves down the oviduct

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21
Q

Morula

A

Solid ball of 16 cells which has formed within 3 days

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22
Q

Blastocyst

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A

Hollow ball of cells which has formed by day 7. Moves from the oviduct to the uterus

23
Q

Implantation Window

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A

period when the endometrium is receptive to accept implantation of blastocyst

24
Q

Trophoblastic Villi

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A

Develops around day 9 - they penotrate endometrium and increase surface area for absorption of nutrience

25
Placenta
-Connects embryo to uterus wall -Combination of mother and embryo tissues
26
Roles of placenta
* Endocrine gland - Produce hormones to support pregnancy * Exchange of materials - Nutrience, waste product,respiratory gas exchanged between blood - counter current flow - maintains a high conc gradient * No contact between blood to protect the fragile foetal capillaries from damage by H.B.P of mother * Protection against mothers imune system
27
Events that lead to fertilisation
1. Capacitation - Removal of cholestrol and glycoproteins from cell membrane over the acrosome in the sperm head. Membrane becomes fluid and more permeable to Ca2+ 2. Acrosome reaction - Protase released from acrosome to digest corona radiata 3. Sperm head entry - cell membrane of secondary oocyte and sperm fuse and the sperm head sinks into the cytoplasm. Secondary oocyte is called Ovum 4. Cortical reactioni - Production fertilisation membrane to provent polyspermy
28
What happens in the uterus when the follicle is maturing in the ovary?
Period - endometrium lining is shed
29
What happens in the uterus when mature Graafian follicle is formed?
Endometrium thickens (rebuilds)
30
What happens in the uterus at ovulation?
Endometrium is at it’s thickest
31
What happens in the uterus when Corpus luteum forms?
Endometrium is maintained at its thickest
32
What hormone does the Hypothalamus produce to the Anterior gland?
Gonadotrophic releasing hormone
33
What 2 hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce?
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Lutenising hormone (LH)
34
What does the Follicle Stimulating hormone do?
Stimulates the development of primary follicles Produce Graafian follicle Stimulates cells to produce oestrogen
35
What does the luteinising hormone do?
Reaches max conc just before ovulation Induce ovulation At day 14 concentration causes Graafian follicle to release the secondary oocyte Positive feed effect on FSH
36
What does Oestrogen do?
Triggers the rebuilding of the endometrium Inhibits FSH secretion by negative feedback Stimulates LH production be positive feedback
37
What does Progesterone do?
Maintains the newly built endometrium If there’s no implantation the falling conc of FSH and LH causes corpus luteum to degenerate so progesterone production declines
38
Main role of Follicle stimulating hormone
Follicle development
39
Main role Lutenising hormone
Ovulation
40
Main role of oestrogen
Rebuild endometrium
41
Main role of progesterone
Maintain endometrium
42
What is the amnion?
The membrane derived from the inner cell membrane from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst Initially in contact with the embryo
43
What is amniotic fluid?
98% water, a solution of urea, salts a little protein and a trace of sugar Contains some foetal cells that have sloughed off the foeutus
44
Functions of amniotic fluid?
1. Maintains the foetus’s temperature 2. Provides lubrication 3. Contributes to lung development 4. Allows movement so muscles and bones function before birth 5. Acts as a shock absorber
45
How many trimesters are in a pregnancy?
3
46
How long is the first trimester?
0-3
47
What happens in the first trimester?
Includes conception, implantation and embryogenesis All major organs are laid down High risk of miscarriage After 10 week embryo is describes as a foetus
48
How long is the second trimester?
4-6.5 months
49
What happens in the second trimester?
Development Movements of foetus can be felt
50
What happens in the third trimester?
All major structures are complete This is a period of growth Fat is laid down Length doubles and mass increases three-fold Senses that such as hearing are developing
51
What does the human chroionic gonadotrophin hormone do?
It’s a glycoprotein Maintains the corpus luteum in secretion of progesterone
52
When is human chorionic gonadotrophin produced?
About 6 days after fertilisation the blastocyst sectetes hCG
53
What does progesterone inhibits during pregnancy?
Inhibit Oxytocin so the myometrium and muscles in the milk ducts do not contract

Bioleg Uned 4 (2 decks)

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