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FS Exam 3 > Ventilation > Flashcards

Ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

Charle’s Law

A

Volume of a gas increases linearly with temperature

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2
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

Pressure of a gas is inversely related to the volume of the container

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3
Q

Henry’s Law

A

Gases diffuse from high to low pressure

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4
Q

Inspiration is primarily work of

A

Diaphragm

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5
Q

What does visible contraction of accessory muscles suggest

A

Respiratory issues, obstruction like asthma maybe

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6
Q

Expiration Muscles

A

Gravity!

passive foreceful - abdominal muscles

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7
Q

Diaphragm

A

Attached to lower ribs and sternum

Separates thoracic and abdominal cavities

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8
Q

What is diaphragm made of

A

Skeletal muscle - slow twitch with tons of mitochondria

Innervated by phrenic C3,4,5

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9
Q

Diaphragm accounts for ___ % of volume change with resting breathign

A

75%

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10
Q

With contraction the diaphragm…

A

Descends
Increase in lung volume
Inhale

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11
Q

At the end of expiration pressures are…

A

Equal, so no movement in or out of lungs

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12
Q

Inspiration begins with…

A

contraction of inspiratory muscles to inc alveolar volume and expand lungs

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13
Q

Increased alveolar volume causes…

A

decrease in alveolar pressure below barometric press. so air flows into the lungs

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14
Q

At the end of inspiration….

A

Thorax and alveoli stop expanding, airflow in causes alveolar pressure to be equal to the baro press and so not that it is equal no movement occurs

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15
Q

During expiration volume of thorax…

A

Decreases as the diagphragm relaxes, decrease in alveolar volume and increase in alveolar pressure

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16
Q

Tidal Volume

A

500mL

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17
Q

Vol. in Conducting Airway

A

150 mL

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18
Q

Is the air in conducting airway participating in gas exchange

A

NO - gas exchange occurs at alveoli

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19
Q

Anatomic Dead Space

A

NOT part of gas exchange

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20
Q

With each 500mL inspiration, only…

A

the initial 350mL of fresh air entering the nose get to the alveoli

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21
Q

With each 500mL expiration, only…

A

the final 350mL of air exiting the nose comes from alveoli

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22
Q

Minute Ventilation (VE)

A

Total air moved into and out of respiratory system each minute
Volume that you breathe in/out times the # of times you breathe

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23
Q

Alveolar Ventilation (VA)

A

Volume of air available for gas exchange/minute

Have to consider dead space (VD) = air that doesn’t participate in gas exchange

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24
Q

Pleural membranes are essential for

A

Keeping the lung open

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25
Q

Pleural Cavity

A

Encapsulates the lung; formed by the pleural membranes

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26
Q

Visceral Pleura

A

Adherent to the lung

27
Q

Parietal Pleura

A

Adherent to the chest wall

28
Q

Pleural Fluid

A

8mL
Adheres to the two pleural membranes
Comes from intercostal arteries; drained by lymphatics

29
Q

Pleural Effusion

A

Common with congestive heart failure

Due to increased pulmonary venous hydrostatic pressure

30
Q

Pleural Pressure

A

Opposing elastic force acts on pleural membranes which creates a negative pressure

31
Q

Negative Pleural Pressure is result of

A

outward recoil of the chest wall and inward recoil of the lungs
Chest wall = out and lungs = collapse in

32
Q

Balance of the two forces

A

FRC is the equilibrium volume when the elastic recoil of the lung is balanced by normal tendency for chest wall to spring out

33
Q

At FRC the recoils are

A

at equilibrium

Changes in lung or chest wall elastic properties will change the FRC

34
Q

Chest Wall Recoil

A

If unopposed by lung recoil, would cause expansion to 70% of TLC
At TLC, chest wall has inward recoil
At RV chest wall has outward recoil

35
Q

Lung Recoil

A

If unopposed (disconnected) from chest wall, lung would collapse

36
Q

Airway Pressure (Paw)

A

Pressure inside the airway

37
Q

Alveolar Pressure (PA)

A

Pressure inside alveoli

38
Q

Pleural Pressure (Ppl)

A

Pressure inside pleural space (btw lung and chest wall)

39
Q

Transmural Pressures

A

Pressure diff across a wall (inside-outside)

40
Q

Types of Transmural Pressures

A

Transpulmonary

Transairway

41
Q

Transpulmonary Pressure (PL)

A

Pressure diff across lung wall
PA - Ppl
Always positive
If 0 = lung collapse

42
Q

PL is equal and opposite to…

A

the elastic recoil of lung

43
Q

Transairway Pressure (Pta)

A

PRessure diff across airway

Paw - Ppl

44
Q

Inspiratory muscles contract –>

A
  1. Thoracic Cavity Expands
  2. Pleural Press becomes more neg
  3. Transpulmonary press inc
  4. Lungs inflate
  5. Alveolar press becomes subatmospheric
  6. Air flows into lungs until alveolar press equals atm press (peak of inhalation)
45
Q

Compliance

A

Distensibility

Ease with which lungs and thorax expand

46
Q

The greater the compliance…

A

the easier for a change in pressure to cause expansion

47
Q

Lower compliance means

A

lungs are working harder to expand

48
Q

Elastance

A

The reciprocal of compliance
Tendency to return to original shape when deformed
Elastic recoil

49
Q

Inc in lung compliance and volume

A

Inc in lung compliance for given pressure will get a greater change in volume

50
Q

Dec in lung compliance and volume

A

Dec in lung compliance for given pressure will get you lower volume change

51
Q

Decrease in compliance (disorders)

A

Resistive lung disorder
Pulmonary fibrosis
Easy in, hard out

52
Q

Increase in compliance (disorders)

A

COPD, asthma, obstructive lung disorder

53
Q

Pleural pressure uniformity

A

is NOT uniform

54
Q

Pleural pressure is not uniform due to

A
  1. Gravity
  2. Mismatching of shapes of lungs and chest wall
  3. Weight of lung
55
Q

What is more constant throughout the lung

A

Alveolar pressure

56
Q

Apex vs. base for pressure

A

Gravity is pulling more on membrane at apex, so there is lower pressure at apex relative to the base

57
Q

Regional Compliance differences result in

A

Regional differences in ventilation

58
Q

Compliance is ___ at apex

A

Less
Gravity pulls lungs down, dec in pleural press at apex, inc in transpulmonary pressure at apex, inc in alveolar expansion at apex, decrease in compliane

59
Q

At FRC and above… The Paradox

A

Even though the base is poorly expanded, it is better ventilated
More volume will go to the more distensible base than to the stiffer apex

60
Q

Below FRC…

A

It is reversed
As one approaches RV, pleural press at base exceeds airway press and the airways close at the base
Inspiration from RV ventilates alveoli at apex
Base is not ventilated until pleural press is less than atm press

61
Q

Hysteresis

A

Volume lower when you inhale than when you exhale for a given pressure
Fighting surface tension

62
Q

Alveoli at base are

A

smaller or weaker looking, but they are more distensible so the volume change is bigger at the base - more compliant

63
Q

Lower Zone

A

Higher ventilation
So better to ventilate at base
Because compliance for given pressure is better

FS Exam 3 (10 decks)

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