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Pharmacology > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A
  • Brain

- Spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

-All nervous tissue outside the CNS including sensory and motor neurons

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3
Q

Basic functions of the Nervous System

A

-Recognize, processing, and reacting to changes in the internal and external environment

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4
Q

Adrenergic response

A
  • Activated under stress
  • Fight or flight response
  • Ready the body for an immediate response to a potential threat
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5
Q

Cholinergic response

A
  • Activated under non-stressful conditions
  • Rest-and-digest
  • Digestive process promoted: heart rate and blood pressure decline
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6
Q

Autonomic Nervous System: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions

A
  • Produce opposite effects
  • Body tries to maintain proper balance of the two (homeostasis)
  • Don’t always produce opposite effects
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7
Q

Synapse

A
  • Juncture of neurons

- Includes a pre and post ganglionic neuron

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8
Q

5 Mechanisms by which drugs can affect synaptic transmission

A
  • Affect the synthesis of the neurotransmitter in the pre-synaptic nerve
  • Prevent storage of the neurotransmitter in the vesicles within the pre-synaptic nerve
  • Influence release of the neurotransmitter from the pre-synaptic nerve
  • Prevent the normal destruction or repute of the neurotransmitter
  • Bind to the receptor site on the postsynaptic target tissue
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9
Q

Primary Neurotransmitters of the Autonomic Nervous System

A
  • Norepinephrine

- Acetylcholine

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10
Q

Norepinephrine

A
  • Released by most postganglionic nerves
  • Class of agents called catecholamines
  • Adrenergic receptors
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11
Q

Acetylcholine

A
  • Released by cholinergic nerves

- 2 types: Muscarinic and Nicotinic receptors

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12
Q

Norepinephrine is synthesized…..

A
  • In the nerve terminal
  • Requires amino acid phenylalanine and tyrosine
  • Can be renewed, recycled, and reused
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13
Q

Acetylcholine is synthesized…..

A
  • In persynaptic nerve terminal from choline and coenzyme A

- In the synaptic cleft is rapidly destroyed by acetycholinesterase

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14
Q

Cholinergic receptors of Ach

A
  • Nicotinic

- Muscarinic

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15
Q

Nicotinic

A
  • In sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

- -Stimulate smooth muscle and gland secretion

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16
Q

Muscarinic

A
  • In parasympathetic target organs except the heart

- Stimulates smooth muscle and gland secretions

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17
Q

2 types of Adrenergic receptors

A
  • Alpha

- Beta

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18
Q

Seizures

A
  • Abnormal or uncontrolled neuronal discharges in the brain
  • Affects consciousness, motor activity, sensation
  • Treated with Anti Epileptic Drugs (AED)
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19
Q

Known causes of seizures

A
  • Infectious disease
  • trauma
  • metabolic disorders
  • vascular diseases
  • pediatric disorders
  • neoplastic disease
  • medications
  • high dose of local anesthetics
  • eclampsia
  • drug abuse
  • withdrawal syndromes
  • sedative-hypnotic drugs
20
Q

Epilepsy

A
  • Seizures occurring chronically

- Types: partial (focal), generalized, special epileptic syndromes

21
Q

Simple Partial Seizures

A
  • Olfactory, auditory, and visual hallucinations
  • Intense emotions
  • Twitching of arms, legs, and face
22
Q

Complex Partial (psychomotor) seizures

A
  • Aura (preceding)
  • Brief period of confusion or sleepiness afterward with no memory of seizure (postictal confusion)
  • Fumbling with or attempting to remove clothing
  • No response to verbal commands
23
Q

Absence seizures

A
  • Lasting a few seconds
  • Seen most often in children
  • Misdiagnosed often (especially in children) as ADD or daydreaming
24
Q

Tonic-Clonic seizures (Grand mal)

A
  • Preceded by aura
  • Intense muscle contraction (tonic phase) followed by alternating contraction and relaxation of muscles (clonic phase)
  • Crying at beginning as air leaves lungs; loss of bowel and bladder control; shallow breathing with periods of apnea; usually lasting 1-2 min
  • Disorientation and deep sleep after seizure (postictal state)
  • May become cyanotic in the face
25
Q

Febrile seizure

A
  • Tonic-clonic activity lasting 1-2 min
  • Rapid return to consciousness
  • Occurs in children usually between 3 months and 5 yrs of age
  • Usually benign
26
Q

Myoclonic seizures

A
  • Large jerking movements of a major muscle group, such as an arm
  • Falling from a sitting position or dropping what is held
27
Q

Status Epilepticus

A
  • Considered a medical emergency

- Continuous seizure activity, which can lead to coma and death

28
Q

The choice of a seizure drop depends upon

A
  • Type of seizure
  • Patient’s hx
  • Associated pathologies
29
Q

The main FDA warning with anti seizure medications is

A

-They double the risk of suicidal behavior and ideation

30
Q

When taking phenytoin (Dilantin), what is a common teaching point with oral care

A

-Brush with a soft bristle toothbrush

31
Q

Effective pharmacotherapy depends on

A
  • Assessment of the degree of pain

- Determining the underlying disorders

32
Q

Substance P

A
  • Neurotransmitter

- Passes on pain message

33
Q

Opioids

A
  • A natural or synthetic morphine-like substance responsible for reducing moderate to severe pain
  • Receptors: mu, kappa, sigma, delta, epsilon
  • For pain management mu and kappa receptors are most important
34
Q

What are important considerations when administering pain medication

A

-Degree of pain and underlying disorders

35
Q

Malignant Hyperthermia

A
  • Fast rise in temperature with severe muscle contractions when succinylcholine is administered
  • Dantrolene Sodium is the preferred tx (muscle relaxant specific for malignant hyperthermia)
36
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A
  • Most common degenerative disease of CNS
  • Progressive loss of brain function, memory loss, confusion, dementia
  • Etiology unknown
  • Acetylcholine function affected
37
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A
  • 2nd most common CNS disease
  • Progressive loss of dopamine, tremor, muscle rigidity, abnormal movement and posture
  • Fall risk
38
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Lou garricks) Disease

A

-Progressive weakness and wasting of muscles, destruction of motor neurons

39
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A
  • Demyelination of neurons in the CNS
  • Progressive weakness, visual disturbances, mood alterations, cognitive deficits
  • No cure, tx aimed at providing relief from recurring symptoms
40
Q

Huntington’s Chorea

A

-Autosomal dominant genetic disorder, progressive dementia, involuntary spasmodic movements, muscles of limbs and face affected

41
Q

Tx for Parkinson’s

A
  • Pharmacotherapy doesn’t cure the disorder, but attempts to reduce symptoms
  • Drug action: restore dopamine function or stimulate dopamine receptors in the brain
  • Types of drugs: Dopaminergic (Levodopa) & anticholinergics (Benadryl)
42
Q

Tx for Alzheimer’s

A
  • Supportive tx of symptoms

- Drugs

43
Q

Tonic spasm

A

-single, prolonged contraction

44
Q

Clonic spasm

A

-rapidly, repeated contraction

45
Q

Spasticity

A
  • muscle stays in continual state of contraction

- Usually due to CNS damage

46
Q

Causes for muscle spasms

A
  • Excess use or local injury to skeletal muscle
  • Overmedication with antipsychotics
  • Epilepsy
  • Hypocalcemia pain
  • Neurologic disorders
47
Q

Pharmacological tx of muscle spasms

A
  • Centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant
  • Direct-acting antispasmodics
  • Neuromuscular blockers

Pharmacology (18 decks)

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