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Anatomy I (material for Exam II) > Vessels and Circulation > Flashcards

Vessels and Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

What is systemic circulation

A

From the left ventricle through the circulatory system and back to the right atrium

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2
Q

what is pulmonary circulation

A

Right ventricle through lungs and into left atrium

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3
Q

what is an anastomosis

A

Site where two or more vessels merge to supply the same body region

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4
Q

what are arterial anastomoses

A

Ways to proved alternate blood supply routes to tissues or organs

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5
Q

What are anatomical end arteries

A

vessels whose terminal branches do not anastomose.

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6
Q

What happens in the event that anatomical end arteries become blocked

A

The tissues will be deprived of oxygen and an “infarct” develops (ex. Kidneys, spleen, brain)

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7
Q

What are functional end arteries

A

Anastomoses are so small that arteries may be considered end arteries (ex. coronary arteries)

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8
Q

Do Veins or Arteries tend to form more anastomoses

A

Veins form many more anastomoses

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9
Q

what are the three layers of tunica

A

Tunica intima, Tunica media, Tunica externa

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10
Q

Tunica intima

A

Innermost layer of a blood vessel wall

composed of a layer of simple squamous epithelium, called endothelium

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11
Q

Tunica Media

A

Middle layer of blood vessel wall
composed of circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells under autonomic control
fxn: in vasocontriction and vasodilation

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12
Q

Tunica Externa

A

Outermost layer of the blood vessel wall
composed of an areolar CT that contains elastic and collagen fibers and nerve fibers
fxn: helps anchor the vessel to other tissues, protects, and supports vessel

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13
Q

what is the tunica externa composed of

A

Areolar CT that contains elastic and collagen fibers and nerve fibers

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14
Q

What is the function of the Tunica Externa

A

Helps anchor the vessel to other tissues, protects, and supports vessel

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15
Q

What is the Vasa Vasorum

A

Small blood vessels that supply the cells of the blood vessel wall

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16
Q

which has a wider lumen diameter a artery or a vein

A

Vein (note that they are often collapsed though)

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17
Q

Which has a larger general wall thickness an artery or a vein

A

Artery is thicker than comanion vein

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18
Q

What is the cross-sectional difference between an artery and a vein

A

Artery retains circular X-sectional shape

Vein X-section tends to flatten and collapse

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19
Q

Which tunic is thickest in an Artery

A

The Tunica Media

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20
Q

Which tunic is thickest in a Vein

A

Tunica Externa

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21
Q

Which has more elastic and collagen fibers in the tunics an artery or vein

A

Artery

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22
Q

Which has a higher blood pressure an artery or vein

A

Artery

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23
Q

Systemic Arteries carry what kind of blood

A

Oxygenated blood to body tissues

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24
Q

Pulmonary arteries carry what kind of blood

A

Deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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25
Q

What are the three basic types of arteries

A

Elastic, Muscular, and arterioles

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26
Q

What characteristics change as an artery decreases in diameter

A

corresponding decrease in the amount of elastic fibers

relative increase in the amount of smooth muscle

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27
Q

What is the typical size of an elastic artery

A

1-2.5 cm diameter

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28
Q

Elastic arteries are known as what

A

Conduncting arteries

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29
Q

Where are elastic arteries typically located

A

Near the heart

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30
Q

Elastic arteries have a high proportion of what thoughout there tunica media

A

elastic fibers

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31
Q

what are some examples of elastic arteries

A

Aorta, Pulmonary arteries, brachiocephalic trunk, common carotid and iliac

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32
Q

what results in smooth flow of blood through elastic arteries

A

Passive accommodation

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33
Q

what are two properties of elastic arteries

A

Dampen BP changes associated with heart contraction

passive accommodation results in smooth flow of blood

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34
Q

What is the size of muscular arteries

A

0.3-1.0 cm

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35
Q

Where are muscular arteries located

A

distal to elastic arteries

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36
Q

where are elastic fibers in the muscular arteries found

A

Restricted to the internal and external elastic lamina

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37
Q

What is the size of arterioles

A

10.0 micrometers to 0.3 cm

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38
Q

In arterioles how many layers of smooth muscle are in the tunica media

A

Generally 6 layers, loss of layers with decreasing size

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39
Q

Are arterioles under autonomic control

A

Yes

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40
Q

what are some common arterial disorders

A

Arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, hypertension, aneurysms

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41
Q

What is arteriosclerosis

A

Hardening of the arteries

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42
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A

Fatty deposits and occlusion
A slow, complex disease in which fatty deposits (called plaque) build up in the inner lining of an artery, eventually causing it to narrow and restrict blood flow

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43
Q

What are aneurysms

A

ballooning and/or rupture of the vessel

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44
Q

What are risk factors for Atherosclerosis

A

Genetics, hypercholesterolemia, sex (male), age, smoking, hypertension

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45
Q

what are some treatments for atherosclerosis

A

Angioplasty and surgery

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46
Q

Ways to treat an aneurysm

A

ballooning of the vessel

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47
Q

What are the smallest blood vessels

A

Capillaries

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48
Q

what do capillaries connect

A

arterioles to venules

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49
Q

what is the diameter size of capillaries

A

slightly larger than diameter of single erythrocytes

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50
Q

what layers due capillaries contain

A

Only Tunica Intima, but this layer consists of a basement membrane and endothelium only

51
Q

What is the function of capillaries

A

Allow gas and nutrient exchange between the blood and the body tissues to occur rapidly

52
Q

What is a metarteriole

A

true capillaries branch off metarteriole. It feds the capillary beds

53
Q

Pre-capillary sphincter

A

Controls blood flow from the metarteriole into the capillaries

54
Q

do capillaries function independently

A

No!

55
Q

What is the Thoroughfare channel

A

The continuation of the metarteriole through the capillary bed from arterial end to Venous end

56
Q

True capillaries are branches off what

A

The metarteriole

57
Q

What are the three basic kinds of capillaries

A

Continuous capillaries, fenestrated capillaries, Sinusoids (discontinuous capillaries)

58
Q

what type of capillary is the most common

A

Continuous capillaries

59
Q

where are continuous capillaries located

A

Muscle, skin, lungs, CNS

60
Q

Where are menstruated capillaries located

A

GI tract, kidney, endocrine glands

61
Q

Where are sinusoid (discontinuous capillaries) located

A

Suprarenal glands, spleen, liver, anterior pituitary

62
Q

systemic veins carry what kind of blood

A

Deoxygenated blood to the right atrium

63
Q

Pulmonary veins carry what kind of blood

A

Oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart

64
Q

Veins hold what percent of the body’s blood when at rest

A

60%

65
Q

Veins function as blood ______

A

Reservoirs

66
Q

Blood pressure is substantially _______ by the time blood reaches the veins

A

Reduced

67
Q

Walls of veins are relatively ______ and the vein lumen is ______

A

Thin, Large

68
Q

Venules merge to form

A

Veins

69
Q

A Venule becomes a Vein when

A

its diameter is greater than 100 micrometers

70
Q

The Tunica media of veins is composed of

A

little muscle and is mostly elastin

71
Q

What is the thickest layer of a vein

A

The Tunica Externa

72
Q

Veins have _____ walls and _____ muscle than arteries

A

Thinner, less

73
Q

what is the function of valves in veins

A

To prevent blood from pooling in the limbs and to prevent blood blackflow

74
Q

Numerous _____ along a veins length assist in moving blood back to the heart

A

Valves

75
Q

Many deep veins pass between what

A

Skeletal muscle groups

76
Q

what is the purpose of deep veins passing between skeletal muscle groups

A

Skeletal muscle contract causing the veins to be squeezed thus help pump blood toward the heart

77
Q

What does the skeletal muscle pump refer too

A

The contraction of skeletal muscle leading to the squeezing and pumping of deep veins

78
Q

What are Varicose Veins

A

Dilated, tortuous veins

most common in lower limbs

79
Q

What are the causes of varicose veins

A

Valves are nonfunctional causing blood to pool

can be caused by genetics, aging, stress (standing , pregnancy, obesity)

80
Q

What is Sclerotherapy

A

a treatment used for Varicose Veins

irritant injected into smaller veins to cause scarring and closure

81
Q

What are some ways to treat Varicose Veins

A

Sclerotherapy, Vein ablation

82
Q

What are some clinical observations for chronic venous insufficiency

A

Skin discoloration, eczema, induration, venous ulcers, varicose vein rupture, leg swelling
Caused by incompetent venous valve- leading to venous congestion and high pressures within the superficial veins

83
Q

where is a DVT most common

A

in sural (calf) or femoral (thigh) region

84
Q

what is the most serious complication of a DVT

A

PE

85
Q

what is another name for a blood clot

A

Thrombus

86
Q

risk factors for DVT

A 
Pregnancy, Economy class syndrome 
Poor blood circulation (heart failure, increased blood thickness, small blood clots, prolonged immobilization)
Venous injury (Surgery, Trauma)
Increased blood clotting (anti-clotting factor deficiencies, autoimmune disorders, certain cancers, platelet disorders)
87
Q

How is a DVT treated

A

With Anticoagulants

88
Q

What is blood pressure

A

force/unit area in mmHg applied to walls of blood vessels

89
Q

what is systolic BP

A

during ventricular contraction (120mmHg)

90
Q

What is Diastolic BP

A

During Ventricular relaxation (70mmHg)

91
Q

What is pulmonary circulation

A

responsible for carrying deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs, and then returning the newly oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart

92
Q

In pulmonary circulation the arteries carry what

A

deoxygenated blood

93
Q

In pulmonary circulation the veins carry what

A

oxygenated blood

94
Q

blood is pumped out of the right ventricle into the ____

A

Pulmonary trunk

95
Q

When does cardiopulmonary circulation end

A

when blood enters the aorta

96
Q

Does pulmonary circulation provide blood to the lung tissues

A

No

97
Q

Describe the flow of blood through the pulmonary circulation

A

right ventricle—> pulmonary trunk—–> pulmonary arteries—–> lungs—–> pulmonary veins—–>left atrium

98
Q

List the branches of the Aorta in relation to the left ventricle

A

Coronary arteries, Brachiocephalic (right common carotid, R subclavian), Left common carotid (left internal carotid, let external carotid), Left subclavian, Thoracic aorta (above the diaphragm)

99
Q

The brachiocephalic has two main branches what are they

A

Right subclavian (Right vertebral and right axillary), Right common carotid (right internal carotid and right external carotid)

100
Q

what is Bifurcation

A

Division of something into two branches or parts

101
Q

explain the Bifurcation of the Aorta

A

descending aorta brances at the common iliac artery, then into the internal iliac artery and external iliac artery

102
Q

Explain the main path of lower extremity venous return

A

external iliac and internal iliac ——-> the common iliac —–> to inferior vena cava

103
Q

where does the ascending aorta start

A

aortic orifice

104
Q

Where does the ascending aorta end

A

T4/5 sternal angle

105
Q

Where does the aortic arch start

A

T4/5

106
Q

Where does the aortic arch end

A

T4

107
Q

Where does the aortic arch reach

A

T3/4

108
Q

What gives oxygenated blood to the lung tissues

A

Bronchial arteries

109
Q

Head and neck arterial supply is derived form either ___ or ______

A

common carotid artery or vertebral artery

110
Q

The common Carotid artery supplies oxygenated blood to

A

neck, face, and anterior brain

111
Q

The Vertebral Artery supplies blood to

A

The posterior brain

112
Q

The vertebral artery is a branch off what artery

A

The subclavian artery

113
Q

what arteries arise int he carotid triangle

A 
Superior thyroid artery
ascending pharyngeal artery
lingual artery
facial artery
occipital artery
114
Q

What are the branches off the external carotid artery

A

Superior thyroid artery, ascending pharyngeal artery, lingual artery, facial artery, occipital artery
Posterior auricular artery
Terminal branches ( maxillary artery, and superficial temporal artery)

115
Q

What are the two terminal branches of the external carotid artery

A

maxillary and superficial temporal artery

116
Q

What is the cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis)

A

an important anastomosis of arteries around the sella turcica

117
Q

What forms the cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis)

A

formed form posterior cerebral arteries and posterior communicating arteries (branches of the posterior cerebral arteries), internal carotid arteries, anterior cerebral arteries, and anterior communicating arteries (which connect the two anterior cerebral arteries).

118
Q

What is the function of the cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis)

A

Equalizes blood pressure in the brain and can provide collateral channels should one vessel become blocked

119
Q

Branches of the external Carotid Artery

A

Superior thyroid artery, superior laryngeal artery, suprahyoid artery, lingual artery, ascending pharyngeal artery, facial artery, maxillary artery, posterior auricular artery, superficial temporal artery

120
Q

The Coeliac trunk is located at

A

T12

121
Q

The superior mesenteric artery is located at

A

L1

122
Q

The Inferior mesenteric artery is located at

A

L3

123
Q

The bifurcation of the descending aorta is located at

A

L4

Anatomy I (material for Exam II) (7 decks)

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