423 Test 2

Question 1

Describe cocktail part phenomenon

Answer 1

Loud area, name called, attention drawn

Question 2

In addition to selective attention, our brains also do lots of _________?

Answer 2

Prediction

Question 3

Primary auditory cortex in the_____ lobe

Answer 3

temporal

Question 4

What are the processes of perception and action influenced by?

Answer 4

Selective attention

Question 5

Describe selective attention

Answer 5

the act of focusing on a particular object for some time while simultaneously ignoring distractions and irrelevant information

Question 6

Describe predictive coding

Answer 6

that the brain actively predicts upcoming sensory input rather than passively registering it

Question 7

What is an example of a feedback type of system that goes up and down the cortical layers

Answer 7

Predictive coding

Question 8

Perception of a musical pulse involves ________ of movements to that pulse

Answer 8

synchronisation

Question 9

musical events challenge our expectations using ___________?

Answer 9

syncopations

Question 10

Our brains increase gain (__________) to prediction errors

Answer 10

attentional gain

Question 11

neuromodulatory meaning

Answer 11

“Changing”

Question 12

Cutaneous sensation depends on:
a. Vibration
b. Pressure
c. Temperature
d. All of the above

Answer 12

d. All of the above

Question 13

Input signals for painful cutaneous sensation cross (decussate) in the spinal cord, and input signals for non-painful cutaneous sensation:

a. Decussate in the corpus callosum
b. Ascend in the spinal cord and then cross in the brainstem
c. Also cross in the spinal cord
d. None of the above are correct

Answer 13

b. Ascend in the spinal cord and then cross in the brainstem

Question 14

Something that quickly pokes your finger likely would stimulate:

a. Merkel’s disks
b. Pacinian corpuscles
c. Chemoreceptors
d. Ruffini’s corpuscles

Answer 14

b. Pacinian corpuscles

Question 15

Smoothly touching a silk pillowcase with your hand likely stimulates:

a. Pacinian corpuscles
b. Ruffini’s corpuscles
c. Merkel’s disks
d. Meissner’s corpuscles

Answer 15

d. Meissner’s corpuscles

Question 16

Nociception refers to which cutaneous sensation?

a. Pressure
b. Vibration
c. Temperature
d. Pain

Answer 16

d. Pain

Question 17

Which of the following mechanoreceptors are mechanically deformed by stretch?

a. Meissner’s corpuscles
b. Pacinian corpuscles
c. Ruffini’s corpuscles
d. Merkel’s disks

Answer 17

c. Ruffini’s corpuscles

Question 18

In the case study of IW, he lost all sense of the positioning of his body, this reflects a deficit in which of the following somatosensations:

a. Pressure
b. Proprioception
c. Temperature
d. Pain

Answer 18

b. Proprioception

Question 19

Touch information is transmitted to the cortex via which nerves?

a. All Cranial nerves
b. Only Cranial nerve V (trigeminal)
c. Only peripheral nerves
d. All peripheral nerves + Cranial nerve V (trigeminal)

Answer 19

d. All peripheral nerves + Cranial nerve V (trigeminal)

Question 20

Pain:

a. Can be experienced as a physical process
b. Can be experienced as a mental process without actual physical sensation
c. Is critical for our survival
d. All of the above are correct

Answer 20

d. All of the above are correct

Question 21

Nociceptors are activated:

a. When sensory stimuli are of a particular strength or magnitude
b. When mechanoreceptors are activated only slightly
c. Only in neutral temperatures
d. With almost any sensory stimulus

Answer 21

a. When sensory stimuli are of a particular strength or magnitude

Question 22

Large advances in understanding pain occurred with the discovery that:

a. Resulted in a Nobel prize in 1997 to David Julius and his research colleague
b. A single gene makes cells sensitive to the chemical that makes chillis hot
c. Involves the gene TRPV1 and the protein it encodes
d. All of the above are correct

Answer 22

d. All of the above are correct

Question 23

Question 4
Unlike the lemniscal tract, the spinothalamic tract decussates to the contralateral side at the:

a. Medulla
b. Thalamus
c. Primary somatosensory cortex
d. Spinal cord

Answer 23

d. Spinal cord

Question 24

The pain matrix is a set of peripheral structures that transduce sensory stimuli

True/False

Answer 24

False

Question 25

It is possible to experience pain that has no physical cause. True/False

Answer 25

True

Question 26

From the thalamus, signals carrying nociceptive information take two routes to reach different cortical structures. True/False

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Cutaneous sensation

Question 28

Pain is an objective measure of discomfort. True/False

Answer 28

False

Question 29

Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels have variable activation thresholds. True/False

Answer 29

True

Question 29

C fibres are unmyelinated nerve fibres that transmit dull, burning pain sensations. True/False

Answer 29

True

Question 30

What structures contain the vestibular hair cells? a. Cochlea and semicircular canals b. Semicircular canals and otolith organs c. Cochlear duct and sacculus d. Basilar membrane and utricle

Answer 30

b. Semicircular canals and otolith organs

Question 31

What fluid fills the vestibular labyrinth? a. Endolymph b. Cerebrospinal fluid c. Blood plasma d. Perilymph

Answer 31

a. Endolymph

Question 32

What happens when the otoliths shift due to head tilt? a. Proprioception is triggered b. Hair cells fire an electrical impulse c. Semicricular canals contract d. The cochlear nerve activates

Answer 32

b. Hair cells fire an electrical impulse

Question 33

The vestibular nerve is part of which cranial nerve? a. V (Trigeminal) b. VI (Abducens) c. VII (Facial) d. VIII (Vestibulocochlear)

Answer 33

d. VIII (Vestibulocochlear)

Question 34

What is the Vestibular Ocular Reflex (VOR)? a. Reflex to stabilize blood pressure during head movement b. Reflex to counter-rotate the eyes during head movement c. Reflex to contact ear muscles during loud sounds d. Reflex to withdraw from a harmful stimulus

Answer 34

b. Reflex to counter-rotate the eyes during head movement

Question 35

Amplitude of a sound wave is perceived as: a. Pitch b. Loudness c. Frequency d. Tone

Answer 35

b. Loudness

Question 36

What is the typical human range for hearing frequency? a. 7 - 35,000 Hz b. 67 - 45,000 Hz c. 15,000 - 90,000 Hz d. 20 - 20,000 Hz

Answer 36

d. 20 - 20,000 Hz

Question 36

The bending of cochlear hair cells leads to: a. Increased earwax production b. Release of neurotransmitters to activate auditory nerves c. Activation of the semicircular canals d. Vibration of the ossicles

Answer 36

b. Release of neurotransmitters to activate auditory nerves

Question 37

The predictive coding framework: a. Applies to hierarchical transfer of information in a bottom-up manner only b.Applies to hierarchical transfer of information in a top-down manner for error correction but has no bottom-up components c. Does not involve feedback D. None of the above are correct

Answer 37

D. None of the above are correct

Question 38

Which of the following is/are true? a. All of the sensory stimuli that enter the brain through the sensory organs get processed consciously b. Only some information that reaches the brain through sensory inputs gets consciously processed c. The brain’s mechanism for selecting which sensory information is processed in higher levels of the cognitive system is called selective attention d. Both B and C are correct

Answer 38

d. Both B and C are correct

Question 39

The structure of music: a. Can include syncopations which lead to the urge to move and groove b. Is based only on loudness and pitch c. Involves pulses which are perceived components of music but do not affect our actions d. Is always processed the same across people

Answer 39

a. Can include syncopations which lead to the urge to move and groove

Question 40

An oddball event is: a. Something that people view as embarrassing and therefore should not do b. A sensory event that occurs rarely among events that occur more frequently c. Occurs only in the auditory modality and there is no evidence of similar events in other modalities such as vision d. Processed in the brain in a similar manner as events that

Answer 40

B. A sensory event that occurs rarely among events that occur more frequently

Question 41

Mismatch negativity (MMN) is: a. A brain event related potential (ERP) that occurs very late in cognitive processing b. A brain event-related potential (ERP) that occurs around 100 to 250 milliseconds following the event that triggers it c. A brain event-related potential (ERP) that has little relevance to selective attention, given it occurs on almost all stimulus events d. None of the above are correct

Answer 41

b. A brain event-related potential (ERP) that occurs around 100 to 250 milliseconds following the event that triggers it

Question 42

Later in processing, an event related potential (ERP) referred to as P3a occurs: a. In association with unconscious processing of a stimulus event b. Which involves primarily subcortical brain regions c. In association with conscious processing of deviant stimulus events such as oddballs d. To signal initiation of a motor movement

Answer 42

c. In association with conscious processing of deviant stimulus events such as oddballs

Question 43

Music is a perceptual phenomenon that bears no relation to motor movements. True or False?

Answer 43

False

Question 44

If you were to create an experiment involving music to test the hypothesis that perception and action are closely related in terms of brain processes: a. Your hypothesis would have to be clearly defined b. You would need to design methods that can test your hypothesis c. You would need an appropriate technique to assess brain processes d. All of the above are needed

Answer 44

d. All of the above are needed

Question 45

Mechanoreceptors are activated under the skin, this causes, signal a. translation b. transduction c. transolution d. transformation

Answer 45

b. transduction

Question 46

what does transduction mean?

Answer 46

generates electrical signal in the sensory neuron

Question 47

myelinated meaning

Answer 47

a nerve fibre enclosed in a myelin sheath

Question 48

True or false, Fibres of the 'A' group have large diameter and are myelinated

Answer 48

True

Question 49

True or false, Fibres of the 'A' group have low conduction velocity

Answer 49

false, 'A' group have high conduction velocity

Question 50

Describe dermatone

Answer 50

each nerve feeds sensory signals into the dorsal spinal cord and from these either to the brain via the ascending pathway or just activate a reflex arc

Question 51

describe a reflex arc

Answer 51

a neural pathway responsible for reflexive actions, which are involuntary and quick responses to stimuli

Question 52

describe the reflex arc pathway

Answer 52

sensory neuron (afferent information arrives from skin) -> interneuron (aka relay neuron) -> Motor neuron (efferent information exits out to muscles)

Question 53

non-painful information is relayed via _____________ pathway

Answer 53

Medial-Lemniscal Pathway

Question 54

Describe the Medial-Lemniscal Pathway

Answer 54

sensory neuron -> brainstem -> thalamus -> somatosensory cortex

Question 55

Describe S1 of the somatosensory cortex

Answer 55

receives input from thalamus (divided into 3a, 3b, 1, 2)

Question 56

Describe S2 of the somatosensory cortex

Answer 56

receives input from thalamus and S1

Question 57

describe kinaesthetic

Answer 57

relating to a person's awareness of the position and movement of the parts of the body by means of sensory organs (proprioceptors) in the muscles and joints.

Question 58

Muscle spindles monitor __________

Answer 58

muscle length

Question 59

Golgi tendon organs monitor __________

Answer 59

muscle tension

Question 60

joint receptor neurons monitor __________

Answer 60

joint movement

Question 61

describe Somaestetic

Answer 61

an interdisciplinary field exploring the relationship between our bodies (soma) and sensory perception (aesthetics)

Question 62

true or false, sensory nerves are ciritcal for motor systems

Answer 62

true

Question 63

What somatosensation is Pressure? a. nociception b. thermoception c. mechanoreception

Answer 63

c. mechanoreception

Question 64

What somatosensation is temperature? a. nociception b. thermoception c. mechanoreception

Answer 64

b. thermoception

Question 65

What somatosensation is pain? a. nociception b. thermoception c. mechanoreception

Answer 65

a. nociception

Question 66

What somatosensation is vibration? a. nociception b. thermoception c. mechanoreception

Answer 66

c. mechanoreception

Question 67

what is an example of mechanoreception

Answer 67

pressure and vibration

Question 68

what is an example of thermoception

Answer 68

temperature

Question 69

what is an example of nociception

Answer 69

pain

Question 70

What do pacinian corpuscles respond to?

Answer 70

dynamic pressure but not steady pressure e.g tickle or poke

Question 71

Describe fMRI

Answer 71

a non-invasive brain imagining technique that measures blood-oxygen-level-dependent signals to detect brain activity

Question 72

fMRI a. high spatial resolution and high temporal resolution b. low spatial resolution and poor temporal resolution c. high spatial resolution and poor temporal resolution d. low spatial resolution and high temporal resolution

Answer 72

c. high spatial resolution and poor temporal resolution

Question 73

describe EEG

Answer 73

A technique that measures electrical activity from the scalp, reflecting the firing of laarge numbers of neurons with high temporal but limited spatial resolution

Question 74

EEG a. high spatial resolution and high temporal resolution b. low spatial resolution and poor temporal resolution c. high spatial resolution and poor temporal resolution d. low spatial resolution and high temporal resolution

Answer 74

d. low spatial resolution and high temporal resolution

Question 75

Describe DTI

Answer 75

An MRI-based neuroimaging technique that measures the diffusion of water molecules to study white matter tract organisation in the brain

Question 76

BOLD signal

Answer 76

Blood-oxygen-level-dependent (fMRI)

Question 77

Describe ERP

Answer 77

The measured brain response that is the direct result of a specific sensory, cognitive, or motor event, averaged across many trials

Question 78

10-20 EEG System

Answer 78

A standardised method for electrode placement on the scalp during EEG recording

Question 79

FA

Answer 79

A measure in DTI reported as a value between 0 and 1 that indicates how organised a white matter tract is, with higher values suggesting more organisation

Question 80

describe subtraction logic

Answer 80

An analytical method used in fMRI where activity during a rest condition is subtracted from activity during a task condition to isolate task-related brain activity

Question 81

EEG Frequency bands

Answer 81

Categories of brain wave patterns defined by frequency ranges: Delta (1-3Hz) Theta (4-7Hz) Alpha (8-12Hz) Beta (13-30Hz)

Question 82

Cajal's Cerebral gymnastics hypothesis

Answer 82

That brain capacity is enhanced by increasing neural connections rather than by increasing the number of neurons

Question 83

which frequency range in EEG is associated with attention to action? a. Theta (4-7Hz) b. Beta (13-30Hz) c. Alpha (8-12Hz) d. Delta (1-3Hz)

Answer 83

c. Alpha (8-12Hz)

Question 84

in the 10-20 EEG System, what do odd numbers (e.g C3) represent? a. electrodes on the left side of the brain b. electrodes in the middle of the brain c.electrodes at the back of the head d. electrodes on the right side of the brain

Answer 84

a. electrodes on the left side of the brain

Question 85

what is the primary advantage of EEG over fMRI in terms of measurement? a. Less invasive procedure b. better temporal resolution c. no need for magnetic fields d. higher spatial resolution

Answer 85

b. better temporal resolution

Question 86

What is the main limitation of fMRI regarding temporal resolution? a. it uses radioactive isotopes that decay quickly b. it cannot distinguish between brain regions c. it can only collect data with a precision of about 2 seconds d. it requires patients to remain completely stll

Answer 86

c. it can only collect data with a precision of about 2 seconds

Question 87

Describe the Medial-lemniscal Pathway (non-cutaneous)

Answer 87

1. Mechanoreceptors detect stimuli These signals travel through first-order neurons, which have their cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglion. 2. The axons of these neurons enter the spinal cord and go up through the dorsal column 3. These axons travel all the way up to the medulla oblongata, where they synapse with second-order neurons 4. In the medulla oblongata, the second-order neurons decussate and form the medial lemniscus. The medial lemniscus carries the signals up to the thalamus 5. In the thalamus, these neurons synapse with third-order neurons, which then project to the primary somatosensory cortex

Question 88

what do pecinian corpuscles respond to? and give an example

Answer 88

sudden stimuli, e.g tickle or poke

Question 89

what do Meissner's corpuscles respond to? and give an example?

Answer 89

Dynamic and moderate stimuli, e.g different textures

Question 90

what do ruffini's corpuscles respond to and give an example

Answer 90

stable, low frequency stimulation, e.g extending elbow

Question 91

what do merkel's disks respond to and give an example?

Answer 91

static pressure/touch, e.g holding an object

Question 92

what change does muscle spindles relate to?

Answer 92

change in muscle length

Question 93

what change does golgi tendon organs relate to?

Answer 93

change in muscle tension

Question 94

what change does joint receptor neurons to?

Answer 94

respond to joint movement

Question 95

Describe the Vestibular ocular reflex

Answer 95

Involuntary reflex

Question 96

True or false, pain is suggestive

Answer 96

true

Question 97

what does decussate mean?

Answer 97

to cross over in the spinal cord

Question 98

true or false, the Empathic Response, includes the somatosensory cortex and does not activate the insula and ACC

Answer 98

False, the Empathic Response, does not included the somatosensory cortex and does activate the insula and ACC

Question 99

true or false, the vestibular system is one of two sensory nerves that directly innervates cerebellum

Answer 99

False, he vestibular nerve is the ONLY sensory nerve that directly innervates cerebellum

Question 100

what is amplitude measured in?

Answer 100

decibels

Question 101

what is amplitude

Answer 101

sound pressure levels (loudness)

Question 102

what is frequency?

Answer 102

Pitch

Question 103

what is an example of a safe decibel noise?

Answer 103

rustling leaves, whispering, light rain

Question 104

what is an example of a damaging decibel noise?

Answer 104

vacuum cleaner, motorbike, lawn mower

Question 105

what is an example of a painful decibel noise?

Answer 105

shot gun, fireworks, aeroplane taking off

Question 106

___KHz is the only perceptible for people aged under 25 (on average)

Answer 106

17KHz

Question 107

what is the scientific name for eardrum?

Answer 107

tympanic membrane

Question 108

what is the cochlea

Answer 108

a snail-shaped, fluid-filled chamber in the inner ear

Question 109

Inside the cochlear duct is the _____________?

Answer 109

Organ of corti

Question 110

What is that organ of corti

Answer 110

Home of many hair cells that sit on the basilar membrane which bends as the vibrations travels

Question 111

What is tonotopic mapping?

Answer 111

Sound input of a certain frequency will vibrate some locations of the membrane more than other locations

Question 112

What is the specific range of frequency that humans perceive pitch

Answer 112

20-20000Hz

Question 113

What automatic auditory function might circumvent at least some sudden noise input?

Answer 113

Reflex

Question 114

what is an oddball (in music)

Answer 114

a form of deviant

Question 115

What is MMN

Answer 115

is a brain response that happens when your brain automatically detects a change in a sequence of sounds

Question 116

The P3a is correlated with when individuals (unconsciously/consciously) detect the deviants

Answer 116

consciously