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Biochemistry (material for exam II) > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

Derivatives of fatty acids serve as

A

hormones, signal molecules, and intracellular messenger

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2
Q

Fatty acids are the building blocks of _______ and _______, components of biological membranes

A

Phospholipids and glycolipids

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3
Q

suffix for a fatty acid with no double bond

A

-anoic

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4
Q

suffix for a fatty acid with 1 double bond

A

-enoic

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5
Q

suffix for a fatty acid with two double bonds

A

-adienoic

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6
Q

Suffix for a fatty acid with three double bonds

A

-atrienoic

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7
Q

The methyl carbon at the distal end of the chain is called the ______

A

omega carbon

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8
Q

when number fatty acids you start where

A

at the carboxyl terminus

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9
Q

Carbon number two of a fatty acid is the ______

A

alpha carbon

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10
Q

Carbon number three of a fatty acid is the _____

A

beta carbon

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11
Q

What group on a fatty acid is ionizable

A

The fatty acid head group

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12
Q

Fatty acids usually contain an _____ number of C atoms, typically between ____ and ____

A

even, 14, and 24

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13
Q

what are the two most common carbon fatty acids

A

16 and 18

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14
Q

Is cis or trans fatty acids more common

A

Cis

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15
Q

Fatty acids are ionized at physiological pH, so it is appropriate to refer to them according to their ______

A

Caroxylate form, ex palmitate instead of palmitic acid

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16
Q

what determines the properties of a fatty acid

A

The length of the chain and the degree of saturation

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17
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids have a _____ melting point than saturated fatty acids of the same length

A

lower

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18
Q

The melting points of saturated fatty acids _____ with the chain length

A

increase

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19
Q

What are the 3 essential fatty acids

A

Linoleate, Linolenate, and Arachidonate

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20
Q

What is the systematic name for Palmitate

A

n-Hexadecanoate

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21
Q

What is the systematic name for Stearate

A

n-Octadecanoate

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22
Q

What is the systematic name Linoleate

A

Octadecadienoate

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23
Q

What is the systematic name of Linolenate

A

Octadecatrienoate

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24
Q

What is the systematic name of Arachidonate

A

Eicosatetraenoate

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25
Q

how many carbons are in Palmitate

A

16

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26
Q

how many carbons are in Stearate

A

18

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27
Q

How many carbons are in Linoleate

A

18

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28
Q

How many carbons are in Linolenate

A

18

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29
Q

How many carbons are in Arachidonate

A

20

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30
Q

an archaean uses ____ linkage in its fatty acids because they are more resistant to hydrolysis

A

ether linkage

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31
Q

Branched and saturated hydrocarbons are more resistant to _______

A

Oxidation

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32
Q

What are the three major membrane lipids

A

Phospholipids, Glycolipids, Cholesterol

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33
Q

Cerebroide is what kind of major membrane lipid

A

Glycolipid

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34
Q

Phosphoglyceride and Sphingomyelin are what type of major class of membrane lipids

A

Phospholipids

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35
Q

What are the 4 components of a phospholipid

A

2-Fatty acids, a backbone to which fatty acids are attached (glycerol or spingosine) Phosphate, an alcohol attached to phosphate

36
Q

What enables phospholipids to interact with water

A

Hydrophilic properties of phosphate and alcohol groups

37
Q

Saturated C16 and C18 fatty acids usually occur at the ____ position of a phospholipid/Phosphoglyceride glycerol backbone

A

C1

38
Q

Unsaturated C16 to C20 fatty acids usually occupy the ____ position of a phospholipid/Phosphoglyceride glycerol backbone

A

C2

39
Q

Saturated ____ and ____fatty acids usually occur at the C1 position of a phospholipid/Phosphoglyceride glycerol backbone

A

C16 and C18

40
Q

Unsaturated ___ to ____ fatty acids usually occupy the C2 position of a phospholipid/Phosphoglyceride glycerol backbone

A

C16 to C20

41
Q

only small amounts of _____ are present in membranes

A

phosphatidate

42
Q

What is phosphatidate (diacylglycerol 3-phosphate)

A

a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of other phosphoglycerides.

43
Q

What is the major function of Phosphatidylserine

A

Important for memory and cognition

44
Q

What is the major function of Phosphatidylcholine

A

Major constituent of cell membrane and pulmonary surfactant

45
Q

what is the major function of Phosphatidylethanolamine

A

composing 25% of all phospholipids in human physiology, they are found particularly in nervous tissue such as the white matter of brain

46
Q

What is the major function of phosphatidylinositol

A

important signaling and other functional activities in eukaryotic cell

47
Q

What is the major function of Diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin)

A

Important component of inner mitochondrial membrane

48
Q

What is a Sphingosine

A

An amino alcohol that contains a long, unsaturated hydrocarbon

49
Q

What is Sphingomyelin

A

A phospholipid with the sphingosine as the backbone

50
Q

In Sphingomyelin the amino group of the sphingosine is linked to a fatty acid by an _______

A

Amide bone

51
Q

Where is Sphingomyelin found

A

Found in animal cell membranes especially in the membranous myelin sheath that surrounds some nerve cell axons

52
Q

what are glycolipids derived from

A

sphingosine

53
Q

What are the simplest glycolipids

A

Cerebroside, which contains a single sugar residue, either glucose or galactose

54
Q

how do glycolipids differ from sphingomyelin

A

the identity of the unit that is linked to the primary hydroxyl group of the sphingosine backbone. In glycolipids it is one or more sugars (rather than phosphorylcholine)

55
Q

In glycolipids the sugar residues are always on the ____________ side of the membrane

A

extracellular

56
Q

how many sugar residues does a cerebroside contain

A

a single sugar residue, either a glucose or galactose

57
Q

What are gangliosides?

A

more -complex glycolipids. may contain a branched chain of as many as seven sugar residues

58
Q

where are Cerebrosides found

A

important components in animal muscle and nerve cell membranes

59
Q

What is the common name for monoglycosylceramides

A

Cerbrosides

60
Q

Why is cholesterol classified as a sterol

A

because of its C3-OH group and its branched aliphatic side chain of 8 to 10 atoms at C-17.

61
Q

Cholesterol is a _____, present in eukaryotes but not in most ________

A

steroid, prokaryotes

62
Q

Cholesterol is formed from how many fused saturated hydrocarbon rings

A

4

63
Q

What is the ring system for cholesterol named

A

cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene

64
Q

What is the most abundant steroid in animals

A

Cholesterol

65
Q

Cholesterol is a major component of the eukaryotic __________

A

Plasma membrane

66
Q

In the membrane cholesterol is oriented _______ to the fatty acid chains of the phospholipids, and the hydroxyl group interacts with the nearby __________

A

Parallel, phospholipid head group

67
Q

Cholesterol is a metabolic precursor of what

A

steroid hormones

68
Q

Cholesterol is absent in some _____ membranes and ______

A

intracellular, prokaryotes

69
Q

How many carbons does laurate have

A

12

70
Q

how many carbons does myristate have

A

14

71
Q

How many carbons does arachidate have

A

20

72
Q

how many carbons does behenate have

A

22

73
Q

How many carbons does lignocerate have

A

24

74
Q

How many carbons does Palmitoleate have

A

16

75
Q

How many carbons does oleate have

A

18

76
Q

what are the fatty acids with 2 double bond

A

palmitoleate and Oleate

77
Q
A

Phosphatidylinositol

78
Q
A

Dihosphatidylglycerol (cardiolpin)

79
Q

Spingomyelin is a phospholipid found in membranes that is not derived from ______

A

Glycerol

80
Q

Spingosine backbone is

A

an amino alcohol that contains a long, unsaturated hydrocarbon chain.

81
Q

Ether linkage is more resistant to what

A

Hydrolysis

82
Q

What are the three ways that archaeon membrane lipids differ from human

A

Ether linkage, branching, and sterochemistry is different

83
Q
A

Phosphatidylserine

83
Q
A

Phosphatidylcholine

83
Q
A

Phosphatidylethanolamine

Biochemistry (material for exam II) (10 decks)

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