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NUTR451 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 domains of development?

A

Cognitive
Emotion
Physical
Social

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2
Q

changes in the body and it systems

A

physical development

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3
Q

changes in mental ability

A

cognitive development

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4
Q

changes in relationships with other people in interaction skills

A

social developement

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5
Q

changes in experiencing and expressing feelings

A

emotional

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6
Q

Continuous Developement

A

gradual, ongoing, changes occurring throughout the life without sudden shifts

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7
Q

Discontinuous Development

A

distinct and separate stages

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8
Q

Sequential Development

A

development occurs in an orderly sequence; usually start simple and become more complex

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9
Q

Name the 8 stages of the Lifespan

A
  1. Infancy/ Toddler/ Preschool
  2. Childhood/ Preadolescence
  3. Adolescence
  4. EarlyAdulthood (20-30s )
  5. Midlife Adulthood (40s-50s)
  6. Later Adulthood (60s-70s)
  7. Elder years (70+)
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10
Q

Name the growth characteristics of the Infancy/ toddler/ preschool stage

A

Cellular: hypertrophy, hyperplasia,

organs, height, weight

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11
Q

Name the development characteristics of the infancy, toddler , preschool stage

A

organs& systems, motor function, cognitive, social, psychological

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12
Q

Name the growth factors in the childhood life stage

A

cellular: hypertrophy, hyperplasia

Weight and Height: growth rate varies; less overall grwoth

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13
Q

Name the development factors in the childhood life stage

A

increase muscle strength, stamina, motor coordination

  • cognitive
  • social, psychological
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14
Q

Name the growth factors in the adolescence stage of life

A
  • cellular: hypertrophy, hyperplasia
  • rapid gains in height and weight
  • gains in bone mass
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15
Q

Name the developmental factors in the adolescence stage of life

A
  • sexual maturation
  • cognition
  • social, psychological
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16
Q

Name the maturation and stabilization factors in Adulthood (20-early 30’s)

A
  • final differentiation of cells
  • cell growth & fxn stabilize
  • Ht stabilizes; wt can fluctuate
  • bone mass peaks–> begins decline
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17
Q

Name the growth factors of adulthood (20-early 30’s)

A

females who are pregnant

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18
Q

Name the developmental factors of adulthood (20-early 30’s)

A

social, psychological

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19
Q

Name the maturation, stabilization, beginning of decline factors of Adulthood (40s-50s Midlife)

A
  • cellular fxn begins decline (gradual)

- loss of bone mass

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20
Q

Name the nutrition and lifestyle habits affecting health of adulthood (40s-50s Midlife)

A

-choices interact with genetics, social forces, environmental factors–> affect quality of life and years

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21
Q

Name the developmental factors in adulthood (40s-50s Midlife)

A

cognitive, social, psychological

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22
Q

Name the maturation, stabilization, beginning of decline in Later Adulthood (60’s-70s)

A
  • cellular decline increases

- loss of bone mass

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23
Q

Name the nutrition and lifestyle habits affecting health in the Later Adulthood (60s-70s)

A

choinces intereact with genetic, social forces, environmental factors–> affect quality of life and years

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24
Q

Name the developmental factors of Later Adulthood (60s-70s)

A

cognitive, social, psychological

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25
Q

Name the continued physiological declines in Elder years (70+)

A
  • cellular decline increases

- loss of bone mass

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26
Q

Name the nutrition and lifestyle habits affecting health of Elder years (70+)

A

-choices interact with genetics, socials forces, environmental factors–> affect quality of life and years

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27
Q

Name developmental factors in Elder Years (70+)

A

cognitive, social, psychological

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28
Q

Over the life span, ___ ___ declines, and ___ ____ increases.

A
  1. lean mass

2. fat mass

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29
Q

Daily energy needs peak in ______ and ______ stages of life.

A
  1. adolescence

2. early adulthood

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30
Q

The same nutrients are needs by all individuals to functions optimally; the _____ and ____ differ depending stage of the life span.

A

concentration ad balance

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31
Q

When does the need for Folate peak?

A

Pregnancy, then lactation

Folate peaks during early adulthood and levels out for the rest of the life span

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32
Q

Iron need flucuate throughout the life cycle. During ____ practical none is needed. During infancy ___ mg is needed. During the toddler stage it decreases to about ______. Then it increases to ____ during childhood(4-8). Then it decreases again to ___ during childhood (9-13).

A
  1. infancy
  2. 12mg
  3. 7mg
  4. 10 mg
  5. 8mg
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33
Q

During adolescence iron needs differ in women and men due to menstruation. Adolescent girls need ___, while boys only need ___. During early adulthood women need _____ mg and men need only ___mg.

A
  1. 15mg
  2. 11mg
  3. 18mg
  4. 8 mg
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34
Q

Iron need peaks during ______ at 27mg but declines during ____ at 10mg due to lack of menstruation.

A
  1. pregnancy

2. lactation

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35
Q

During adulthood (40-60) a women’s need is still ___mg, and men’s are ___mg. During elder years iron need declines to ____mg for both men and women due to lack of menstruation.

A
  1. 18mg’
  2. 8mg
  3. 8mg
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36
Q

Vitamin B12 increases until ______ and levels off for the rest of the life span. It does increase during ______ and increases even more during _____.

A
  1. adolescence
  2. pregnancy
  3. lactation
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37
Q

Zinc requirements for boys and girls are the same until ______ and levels off for the rest of the life span. It does peak during ______ and is a little lower during ____.

A
  1. adolescence
  2. lactation
  3. pregnancy
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38
Q

Calcium needs peak during _____ for boys and girls. It remains this high for girls during ______. It then decreases during ________ and stays this way even during _____ and ______. It then increases for ____ _____ stages.

A
  1. childhood (9-13)
  2. Adolescence
  3. early adulthood (19-30)
  4. pregnancy
  5. lactation
  6. midlife adulthood (40-60)
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39
Q

Sodium needs peak at _____ and stay level until ____, when they decrease.

A
  1. childhood (9-13)

2. Adulthood (40-60)

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40
Q

Potassium needs peak at _____ and continue to stay level until ____, when they decrease.

A
  1. childhood (9-13)

2. Adulthood (40-60)

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41
Q

What are the 4 components of assessment on the individual level

A
  1. Anthropometrics
  2. Biochemical data
  3. Clinical data
  4. Dietary data
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42
Q

Give an example of antropometrics

A

weight, height, BMI, skinfold measurements, body frame size

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43
Q

Give an example of biochemical data

A

laboratory testing through blood, urine, stool, hair

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44
Q

Give an example of clinical data

A
  • medical history
  • prior diagnosis and treatments
  • visual inspection
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45
Q

Give an example of dietary data

A
  • 24hr recall

- food diary

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46
Q

Gonadotropin rel. hormone realsed from the hypothalamus has the action of….

A

Males and Females: Stimulates Follicle-stimulation hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). Both come from the pituitary gland.

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47
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) action

A

Female: follicle growth
Male: Sperm production

48
Q

Luteinizing Hormone action

A

Female: ovulation
Male: production of testosterone

49
Q

Estrogen which is released from the ovaries, testes, fat cells, placenta etc. has the action of

A

Female and Males: +GnRH

Female: thickening of uterine wall

50
Q

Progesterone which is released in the ovaries and placenta has the action of….

A

Female: prepares uterus for fertilization, maintains pregnancy

51
Q

Testosterone and other androgens which are released from the testes and ovaries and have the action of…

A

Males: males sex organs and sperm maturation

52
Q

Fertility

A

the actual production of children

53
Q

Fecundity

A

the biological capacity to bear children

54
Q

Infertility

A

lack of conception after 1 yr of unprotected intercoure

55
Q

Subfertile

A

women who have multiple miscarriages and/or who ovulate infrequently and men who have abnormalities

56
Q

Miscarriage

A

loss of fetus in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy (AKA: spontaneous abortion)

57
Q

Weight loss (>10%-15% of normal wt) and fertility

A

estrogen, LH, and FSH decreases

Amenorrhea, anovulatory cycles, and short or absent luteal phases

58
Q

Amenorrhea

A

an abnormal absence of menstruation

59
Q

Anovulatory cycle

A

absence of ovulation and luteal phase

60
Q

Excessive Body Fat (BMI >30) and Fertility

A

increases testerone, estrogen, leptin

-amenorrhea, menstrual cycle irregularity, delayed time to conception, associated with high risk miscarriage

61
Q

PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome)

A

condition in which a woman has an imbalance of female reproductive hormones (linked to being overweight)
-leads to polycytic ovaries, irregular periods, infertility, miscarriage

62
Q 
PCOS first line of treatment- diet, exercise, weight loss. 
\_\_\_-\_\_\_% weightloss. 
Moderate CHO \_\_\_-\_\_\_% kcals
Moderate PRO \_\_\_-\_\_\_% kcals
Higher FAT \_\_\_-\_\_\_. 
Engage in \_\_\_-\_\_\_\_ minutes of exercise daily.
Second line of Defense: medications
Insulin sensitizing drugs: \_\_\_\_\_\_
A
  1. 5-10%
  2. 35-40%
  3. 15-30%
  4. 35%-40%
  5. 30-60 minutes
  6. Metformin
63
Q

Poor status before pregnancy is fairly common i US and related to reduced fertility

A

iron

64
Q

Folate _____ infertility in females. Alcohol decreases _____ and disrupts the menstrual cycle.

A
  1. decrease

2. estrogen

65
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Women who are trying to get pregnant should increase their antioxidant intake.

A

FALSE

Antioxidants disrupt follicular development and interfere with implantation of egg into uterine wall

66
Q

What certain nutrients may be important in periconception in regards to preeclampsia?

A
  • Calcium
  • copper, zinc
  • anti-oxidants (vit C,E)
  • n-3-fatty acids
67
Q

What factors should be assessed in periconceptional risk assessment (4)?

A
  1. Genetics
  2. Medical History
  3. Lifestyle
  4. Diet
68
Q

Periconception Genetic Assessment

A

Evaluate risk for dominant/recessive disorders

-dominant, recessive, chormosomal

69
Q

Periconception Medical History Asessment

A
  • TPAL
  • complications during pregnancies
  • infant birth weights
  • maternal weight
  • lead level
  • DM
  • Celiac disease
  • Phenylketonuria
  • Polycytic Ovary Syndrome
70
Q

TPAL

A

T- total # term deliveries
P- total # of preterm deliveries
A- total # of abortions/miscarriages
L- total # of living children

71
Q

Periconception Lifestyle Assessment

A
  • exercise
  • substance abuse
  • environment
72
Q

Periconception nutrition recommendations.

  • Maintain healthy weight; gain or lose weight as appropriate __-___% weight loss can improve fertility
  • Use _____ to design diet pattern
  • ____ & _____ supplements
A
  1. 10-15%

2. Folate and Iron

73
Q

Indicators of a successful pregnancy

  1. Full Term
    - ___ weeks or after
  2. Infant Birth Wt
    - Goal: _-__g
    - ________

This Reduces infant morbidity and mortality

A
  1. 37 wks
  2. 3500-4500g (7 lb 12oz- 10lb)
  3. Appropriate for Gestational Age (AGA)
74
Q

What factors increase infant morbidity and mortality?

A
  1. Time of Delivery

- Preterm:

75
Q

Disproportionally small for gestational age

A

newborn weight

76
Q

Proportionally small for gestational age

A

new born weight, length, and head circumferance

77
Q

Large for gestational age (macrosomic)

  • birthweight >____g
  • newborn wt >____percentile for gestational age
A
  1. 4500g (10lb)

2. 90th percentile

78
Q

Trend in infant mortality in the past 20 years

A

has decreased worldwide

  • highest: africa
  • lowest: europe
79
Q

Ovulation and sperm fertilize eggs in fallopian tube. This forms the _____–>2 celled stage (30hr)—>4celled stage–> 8 cell stage–> _____ (72 hr)—> _____-_>Implanted blastocyst (___ days).

A
  1. Zygote
  2. Morula
  3. Blastocyst
  4. 6 days
80
Q

Blastocystes begins to embed into the uterine wall at 6 days. Cells separate to form outer later and inner layer. The inner layer are the embryonic _____ ______. Implantation ends around 12 days and results in the formation of ____–____ ______.

A
  1. stem cells

2. feto-uterine circulation

81
Q

What does the placenta do? (4)

A
  1. The interface for nutrient and gas exchange between fetal and maternal circulation.
    - Transfers nutrients to fetus
    - Excretes fetal waste products into maternal blood
  2. Initiates maternal recognition of pregnancy
  3. Alters immune environment
  4. Alters maternal cardiovascular and metabolic fxns through hormones
82
Q

Name the major systems that will be adjusted during pregnancy

A
  1. Hematologic
  2. Cardiovascular
  3. Respiratory
  4. Renal
  5. GI
  6. Metabolic
83
Q

Hematologic changes during pregnancy

A
  1. Plasma volume increases 35%
  2. Erythropoiesis (RBC production) increases 33%
  3. Hemodilution: vitamins and minerals (Hb and Hct decreased)
84
Q

Maternal cardiovascular adaptions
Cadriac output rises within first 10 wks of pregnancy by 1.5L/min (__-___%) and is maintained.
Increased heart rate by ___%.

Increased stroke volume by ___%.

_____ blood pressure during first half of pregnancy but returns to normal.

A
  1. 30-50%
  2. 16%
  3. 25%
  4. decreased
85
Q 
Maternal respiratory adaptions:
30% increased production of \_\_\_\_.
50% increase \_\_\_\_\_\_ air and \_\_\_ exchange.
Increase in \_\_\_\_ volume.
Decreased \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A
  1. CO2
  2. volume air and gas exchange
  3. lung volume
  4. airway resistance
86
Q

Maternal renal adaptions
1. Renal blood flow
Increases ___-___% by end of 1st trimester. Decreases gradually to term.

  1. Glomerular filtration rate
    - increases __-___%
    - begins at 5 weeks, peaks at 9-16 weeks
    - May decrease 15-20% from 36 weeks to term
  2. Increased ______ conservation
  3. Increased ______ spillage into urine.
A
  1. 50-80%
  2. 40-50%
  3. sodium
  4. nutrient
87
Q

Maternal GI adaptions

  1. _______ causes relaxed GI muscle tone.
    - lower _____ ______, which causes heart burn
  2. Increased _____ time (gastric and intestinal)
    - allows increased nutrient adsorption
    - constipation common
  3. _____ & ______ are a result of changes in hormones
A
  1. Progesterone
  2. espohageal sphincter
  3. transit time
  4. nausea & vomiting
88
Q

Maternal metabolic adaptions

  1. Goals
    - Support changes in anatomy and physiology of mother
    - support _____ growth and development
    - Maintain maternal ________
    - prepare for _______
  2. Adjustments are complex and evolve throughout pregnancy
A
  1. fetal growth
  2. homeostasis
  3. lactation
89
Q

Exercise recommendation for pregnant women ___-____ times each week for ____ minutes at ___-___% VO2 max.

A
  1. 3-5 times
  2. 30 minutes
  3. 60-70%
90
Q

Food safety issues during pregnancy

  1. Foodborne illness
    - _______ _____
    - _______ _____
  2. Mercury contamination
    - High levels in large, long-live predatory fish
    - lower content in bottom feeders
    - Avoid ____, ____, ____, and ______.
A
  1. listeria monocytogenes
  2. toxoplasma gondii
  3. shark, swordfish, king mackerel, and tilefish
91
Q

Caffeine and pregnancy

A
  • no apparent long-term consequences for children of coffee intake during pregnancy
  • generally concluded-intake of up to 3 cups of coffee per day
92
Q

During pregnancy _____ substitutes should be used in moderation. There is NO scientific evidence to support this!

A

sugar substitutes

93
Q

Calcium does not change during pregnancy
____ g of calcium transferred from mom to fetus in final weeks.
Increased _____ _____, decreased ______, and increased rate of _____ _____-loss from bone.

A
  1. 30g
  2. intestinal adsorption
  3. excretion
  4. bone turnover
94
Q

Consequences of low intake in pregnancy
- Increases blood pressure and this is a risk for ________. Calicum is needed for ____ _____ mineralization and to maintain maternal bones.

A
  1. pre-eclampsia

2. fetal skeletal

95
Q

Consequences of Iron deficiency in pregnancy

  1. ______ or _____ pregnancy
  2. decreased ___ ____ in newborns
  3. decreased maternal ____ ___ after delivery
  4. Greater risk of low iron status future pregnancies
A
  1. early or late
  2. iron stores
  3. iron status
96
Q

Folate deficiency during pregnancy can cause ____ ____ ____ such as spina biifida, anencephaly, encephaocele.

A

neural tube defects

97
Q

Folate deficicency is associated with _____ and reduced ____ ____. Folate functions in metabolic rxns as a ____ group donor and enzyme cofactor. Deficiencies lead to abnomral cell division and tissue formation.

A
  1. anema
  2. fetal growth
  3. methyl
98
Q

Importance of omega-3 fatty during pregnancy
EPA- decreases ______ and _____ ____
DHA makes the major structure components of the ______ in cell membranes of the _____. It is also critical for optimal ____ function.

A
  1. inflammation and blood clotting
  2. phospholipids
  3. CNS
  4. CNS
99
Q

Carb intake during pregnancy

A

45-65%

Minimum: 175g

100
Q

Protein intake during pregnancy

A

25g per day

average is 78g

101
Q

Fat intake during pregnancy

A

20-35%

102
Q

Energy requirements in pregnancy
1st trimester:
2nd trimester:
3rd trimester:

A
  1. no change
  2. +340kcal
  3. +452
103
Q

Underweight pregnancy weight gain

A

28-40lb

104
Q

Normal weight pregnancy weight gain

A

25-35lb

105
Q

Overweight pregnancy weight gain

A

15-25lb

106
Q

Obese or higher pregnancy weight gain

A

11-20lb

107
Q

Twin pregnancy weight gain

A

25-54lb

108
Q

How much weight should from delivery?

A

15 lb

109
Q

How are women in the US doing in regards to weight gain during pregnancy

A

Underweight women tend to gain less than ideal weight. Normal, Overweight, and Obese women tend to gain more than the ideal weight

110
Q

Name the factors placing pregnant women at nutritional risk (12).

A
  1. young (adolescent)
  2. previous pregnancies (3 or more and under 20; 4 or more 20 or older)
  3. short interval between pregnancies (
111
Q

Ovulation

A

ovulum is released from fallopian tubes and travels to the uterus; fxnal life of an ovum is 24hr

112
Q

Fertilization (conception)

A

union of ovum and sperm; fxnal life of a sperm cell is 48-72hr

113
Q

Why is the embryo (0-8wk) period so important?

A

All major systems begin to form.

  • brain and spinal cord begin to develop
  • cardiovascular system begins to work
  • neural tube closes, liver and kidneys begin to work, formation of extrementies at 6 wks
114
Q

If nutrients are missing during critical periods, developing tissue has fewer _____, forms ______, or functions _____. Critical periods are most intense in the ____ ______, when tissues are forming rapidly.

A
  1. cells
  2. abnormally
  3. poorly
  4. first trimester (most intense during the first two months)
115
Q

Cogenital abnormalities that results from early life exposures during critical period

A
  • limb malformations
  • heart defects
  • neurological deficits
116
Q

Cellular/ structural defects that results from early life exposures during critical period

A
  • obesity
  • hypertension
  • DMT2
117
Q

Molecular alterations that results from early life exposures during critical period

A
  • obesity

- cancer

NUTR451 (3 decks)

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