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pt clin med > Musculoskeletal imaging > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal imaging Flashcards

1
Q

What are some diagnostic imaging techniques (5)

A
  1. X-ray
  2. MRI
  3. CAT
  4. Ultrasound
  5. Bone scan
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2
Q

What is the x-ray film that contains the image of the patient called

A

Radiograph

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3
Q

Prior to the 1970s what were the only imaging technique available

A

X-rays

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4
Q

What does centralization mean

A

Pain goes from referred to the actual area of injury

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5
Q

Who discovered x-rays

A

Wilhelm Roentgen

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6
Q

When were x-rays discovered

A

1895

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7
Q

What is another name for x-rays

A

Roentgenograph

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8
Q

True or False:

X-rays are a print not negatives

A

False

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9
Q

X-rays are a form of what

A

Electromagnetic radiation

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10
Q

True or False:

X-rays cause ionization of silver atoms on film

A

True

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11
Q

What are the positions x-rays can be taken in (4)

A
  1. AP
  2. PA
  3. Lateral
  4. Oblique
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12
Q

What do lateral x-rays show

A

Facet joints

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13
Q

What do oblique x-rays show

A

Intervertebral foramen

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14
Q

What are the ABCs of x-rays

A

Alignment
Bone
Cartilage

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15
Q

What do you use to read an x-ray

A

View box or illuminator

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16
Q

Which way do you place the radiographs on the view box

A

As if the patient were facing the person viewing the film

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17
Q

What are the 6 things seen on x-rays that are osteoblastic

A
  1. Radiopaque
  2. Opacity
  3. Sclerosis
  4. Hypertrophic bone
  5. Increased radiodensity
  6. Blastic lesion
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18
Q

What does radiopaque mean

A

Beam didn’t pass through completely

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19
Q

What is opacity

A

Whiteness

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20
Q

What is sclerosis

A

Excessive formation

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21
Q

What are the 5 things seen on x-rays that are osteoclastic

A
  1. Radiolucent
  2. Lucency
  3. Osteopenia
  4. Decreased radiodensity
  5. Lytic lesion or lysis
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22
Q

What is radiolucent

A

Beam passes through

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23
Q

What is radio lucent

A

Black

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24
Q

What effects radiodensity

A

Greater atomic weight absorb more of the x-rays and thickness of the material

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25
Q

What does air/gas look like on an x-ray

A

Very black or black

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26
Q

What does soft tissue/fat look like on an x-ray

A

Relatively dark, gray-black

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27
Q

What does water look like on an x-ray

A

Gray

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28
Q

What does bone look like on an x-ray

A

Relatively white

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29
Q

What do metals look like on an x-ray

A

Bright white

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30
Q

When looking at x-rays and examining bone what should you look for (6)

A
  1. Density
  2. Fracture
  3. Tumor
  4. Infection
  5. Foreign body
  6. Anomaly
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31
Q

When looking at x-rays and examining joints what should you look for (4)

A
  1. Foreign body
  2. Arthritis
  3. Dislocation
  4. Fracture
32
Q

When looking at x-rays and examining soft tissue what should you look for (5)

A
  1. Edema
  2. Hemorrhage
  3. Masses
  4. Calcifications
  5. Foreign body
33
Q

True or False:

If the physician didn’t tell the patient what the x-ray means the PT should

A

False

34
Q

True or False:

Contrast can be both radiopaque or radiolucent

A

True

35
Q

What is fluoroscopy

A

Injection of contrast to image

36
Q

What is fluoroscopy used for most commonly

A

Epidural placement

37
Q

What is an arthrography

A

Injection of contrast into joint space

38
Q

What is a myelography

A

Injection of contrast into muscle

39
Q

Are myelographs still popular

A

NO

40
Q

Why aren’t myelographs not popular anymore

A

They cause severe headaches and nausea

41
Q

What are computed tomographs used for

A

Image a cross sectional slice of the body

42
Q

How do CTs work

A

They use x-ray beams which move through an arc 360 degrees aroud=nd a patient

43
Q

What does each slice of a CT usually measure

A

.3-1.5 cm

44
Q

What can CTs evaluate (6)

A
  1. Bone
  2. Soft tissue
  3. Tumors
  4. Fractures
  5. Intraarticular abnormalities
  6. Bone mineral analysis
45
Q

True or False:

MRIs involve ionized radiation

A

False

46
Q

What do MRIs utilize

A

Radiofrequencies of tissues within a magnetic field

47
Q

True or False:

Ferrous metals can contraindicate MRIs

A

True

48
Q

What is an MRI

A

Extremely powerful magnetic field coils, radio wave transmitters and radiowaves, and powerful computer

49
Q

1 tesla equals what

A

10000 times magnetic strength of the earth

50
Q

Where is the patient positioned during an MRI

A

The bore of the magnet

51
Q

True or False:

The magnet is superconducting and must be cooled to 4 degrees K

A

True

52
Q

What does the magnetic field cause

A

Certain alignment of atomic nuclei with the field

53
Q

What do the radiowaves being turned n cause

A

A shift in the direction of the body’s magnetic field

54
Q

What happens when the radiowaves are turned off

A

The atoms return to their original magnetized state

55
Q

What creates the image in an MRI

A

The resonant energy which is released

56
Q

What is the resonant energy called

A

A signal

57
Q

True or False:
Each tissue in the body gives off the same signal not matter the location in the bore of the magnet or the chemical composition

A

False

58
Q

T1 weighting MRIs show what

A

Anatomy

59
Q

T2 weighting MRIs show what

A

Pathology (water)

60
Q

What color is water in a CT/X-ray, T1 MRI, and T2 MRI

A

CT/X-ray: Gray
T1: Dark
T2: Bright

61
Q

What color is air in a CT/X-ray, T1 MRI, and T2 MRI

A

CT/X-ray: Black
T1: Dark
T2: Dark

62
Q

What color is fat in a CT/X-ray, T1 MRI, and T2 MRI

A

CT/X-ray: Black
T1: White
T2: Gray

63
Q

What color is bone cortex in a CT/X-ray, T1 MRI, and T2 MRI

A

CT/X-ray: White
T1: Gray-black
T2: Dark gray

64
Q

What color is bone marrow in a CT/X-ray, T1 MRI, and T2 MRI

A

CT/X-ray: Gray
T1: Bright
T2: Gray

65
Q

What Are T1 weighted MRIs good for

A

Anatomy

66
Q

What are T2 weighted MRIs good for

A

Pathology

67
Q

Why are T2 weighted MRIs good for pathology

A

Because lesions are usually water based

68
Q

How do nuclear scans work

A

Isotopes are attached to certain physiologic molecules and are absorbed by the afflicted tissue then imaged

69
Q

Nuclear scans have high specificity or sensitivity for inflammation

A

sensitivity

70
Q

What does sensitivity mean

A

Measure true positives so if it is negative it can be ruled out

71
Q

What is the purpose of ultrasounds

A

To see contractions of muscle in real time

72
Q

How do ultrasounds work

A

High frequency sound waves create an image of living tissue

73
Q

Are ultrasounds harmful

A

Heck not!!! That is why the are used for viewing bebes

74
Q

How do myelograms work

A

Contrast is injected into the subarachnoid space and mixes with CSF to produce a column of radiopaque fluid

75
Q

What are myelograms used for

A

To see where nerve is impinged or damaged

76
Q

What are the side effects of myelograms

A

Severe nausea and vomitting

77
Q

What is the mortise of the ankle

A

joint space between the tibia, fibula, and talus

pt clin med (15 decks)

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