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Molecular > Chapter 2-Nucleic Acid > Flashcards

Chapter 2-Nucleic Acid Flashcards

1
Q

What are nucleotides?

A

Building blocks of nucleic acids composed of sugar backbone attached to a nitrogeous base (AGCTU)

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2
Q

Whats the difference between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA- sugar is deoxyribose and bases AGCT

RNA-sugar is ribose and AGCU

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3
Q

What is a nucleic acid?

A

Are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information

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4
Q

What are the bases (nucleobase) of nucleotides?

A

Purine-(AG) 6 membered ring attached to a nitrogenous base

Pyrimindine-(CTU) 6 memebered structures

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5
Q

What is a nucleoside?

A

Have a sugar attached to nitrogenous base

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6
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

Sugar attached to nitrogenous base and one or more phosphates
Ex. ATP GTP or other processes

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7
Q

What is DNA?

A

Polymer of nucleotides that is connected by phosphodiester linkages.
Joined by phosphate of the 5’ carbon of one nucleotide is added to the 3’ hydroxyl of the second nucleotide

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8
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A 
Right handed alpha helix
Double stranded
Bases are complementary
Sugar phosphate backbone on sides
Bases held by hydrogen bonding 
Major/minor groove
Anti-parallel strands
B-DNA
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9
Q

What are isomers?

A

Molecules with same chemical formula but different chemical structure
Can create non-Watson crick base pairing (mutation)

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10
Q

Structure of DNA grooves

A

Major groove has more chemical variability bc methyl group on thymine is now exposed.
Bases that are exposed in the grooves govern the way in which proteins can interact with DNA in the processes of DNA replication transcription recombination in repair

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11
Q

Protein DNA interactions

A

Proteins bind to specific DNA sequences via noncovalent interactions
A DNA sequence is characterized by a distinct region of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors

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12
Q

Protein and DNA bonding

A

Hydrogen bond donor on the protein is paired with a hydrogen bond acceptor in the DNA

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13
Q

Different conformations of DNA

A

B-DNA dominant right handed
A-DNA rarely seen RNA structure right handed
Z-DNA left handed, slimer can be formed when altering G and C bases May be involved in Gene activation that requires DNA modification- methylated cytosine and High salt conditions

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14
Q

Supercoiled DNA

A

Molecule twists on itself happening in two different directions positive and negative

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15
Q

Negative supercoils

A

DNA is winding in a clockwise direction (DNA unwinding)

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16
Q

Positive supercoils

A

DNA is winding and a counter clock direction (DNA winding)

17
Q

Linking number (Lk)

A

Number of times one strand of DNA crosses around the other one
Every #bp/10.5bp
Lk=Tw+Wr

18
Q

Topoisomerase

A

Enzymes that break rotate and to rejoin DNA

19
Q

Twist (Tw)

A

Number of helical turns in DNA
(+) right handed
(-) left handed

20
Q

Writhe (Wr)

A

Supercoiling

21
Q

Lk=Tw+Wr

A 
Linking number is constant
Any change in twist must be balanced by an opposite change in value of supercoiling
Lk 18
Tw 20
Wr -2
22
Q

RNA modifications

A

RNA molecules require chemical modification of some of their nucleotides in order to become fully functional (except mRNA)-The RNA that acts as an intermediate in the flow of genetic information from DNA to proteins

23
Q

Importance of ribose sugar

A

Limit conformations
RNA only forms a type helix
To prime hydroxyl group makes RNA less stable

24
Q

RNA structure

A

RNA can fold to form compact structures which is determined by its nucleotide base sequence

25
Q

Primary RNA structure

A

Sequence of bases (nucleotides)

5’ to 3’

26
Q

Secondary RNA structure

A

Short helical structure (hairpin)

27
Q

Tertiary RNA structure

A

Combination of single-stranded and double-stranded RNA

28
Q

RNA helices

A

Non-canonical base pairs, not typical Watson and crick interactions, causr distortions in RNA helix
Base pairs is formed between G and U nucleotides stabilized by wobble base pair

29
Q

Covariation

RNA secondary structure

A

Difference that maintain the same variation structure

30
Q

Coaxial stacking

RNA tertiary structure

A

End to end stacking of RNA helices

31
Q

Base triple interaction

A

Two nucleotides pair by Watson and crick third nucleotide hydrogen bonds to the exposed edge of a base

32
Q

A-minor motif

A

Adenine and one minor groove interacting with nucleotide of a second minor groove

Molecular (7 decks)

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