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A & P 1 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Bone connective tissue composed of…

A

Collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite ground substance

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2
Q

Gives bone tissue its strength under tensile forces

A

Collagen

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3
Q

Hydroxyapatite is made of…

A

Inorganic mineral substance containing calcium

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4
Q

Gives bone tissue its strength under compressive forces

A

Hydroxyapatite

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5
Q

(Entire) bone is composed of…

A

Bone/connective tissue and nervous/epithelial elements

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6
Q

Fiction of skeletal system

A

Structure/support/protection
Locomotion/movement
Blood cell formation
Stores inorganic minerals, especially calcium
Indicator of height, age, sex, weight, geographic ancestry, (some) medical history

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7
Q

Components of skeletal system

A

Bones and joints

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8
Q

(Macro bone structure) shaft/primary center of ossification

A

Diaphysis

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9
Q

(Macro bone structure) associated with articulation/secondary ossification center

A

Epiphysis - usually on either side of diaphysis

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10
Q

Epiphyseal plate is made of…

A

Hyaline Cartilage

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11
Q

Disk connecting diaphysis and epiphysis

A

Epiphyseal Plate

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12
Q

Membranes covering outer and inner bone surfaces.

A

Periosteum (outer)

Endosteum (inner)

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13
Q

Cavity at center of long bone.

A

Medullary cavity

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14
Q

Covers bone where it articulates with other bones

A

Articular cartilage (composed of hyaline cartilage)

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15
Q

(bone tissues) between compact bone and endosteum, large gaps between struts, will crumble under pressure

A

Spongy

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16
Q

(bone tissues) between periosteum and spongy bone, composed of osteons

A

Compact

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17
Q

(part of compact bone) concentric layers of bony connective tissue

A

Lamellae

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18
Q

(part of compact bone) contains blood vessels and nerves, and is inside lamellae

A

Central canal

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19
Q

Holes found between lamellae

A

Lacunae

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20
Q

Passageways connecting lacunae to each other and the central canal

A

Canaliculi

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21
Q

Connects central canals to each other

A

Perforating canals

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22
Q

Bone broken but skin is not broken

A

Simple Fracture

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23
Q

Bone break through skin

A

Compound fracture

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24
Q

Bone is fragmented

A

Comminuted

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25
Q

Comminuted fractures must be repaired quickly because…

A

Fragmented pieces lose blood supply and bone tissue will die if not repaired quickly.

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26
Q

Not fractured all the way through the bone

A

Incomplete fracture

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27
Q

Incomplete fracture + bending of bone.

More common in _______

A

Greenstick Fracture

Children

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28
Q

Tendon or ligament pulls bone away at site of attachment.

A

Avulsion

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29
Q

Healing of fracture process (4 stages)

A

Hematoma –> soft callus –> hard callus –> remodeling of hard callus to mature bone.

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30
Q

Reduction of bone density due to deossification, most prevalent in middle-aged and elderly women

A

Osteoporosis.

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31
Q

Cause of sexual dimorphism with osteoporosis

A

Women have less bone mass and lose bone mass sooner than men (around 35/not result of menopause)

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32
Q

Men start losing bone mass around __ years old.

The exception?

A

60 years old

Men being treated for prostate cancer - due to the steroids.

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33
Q

The study of joints.

A

Arthrology

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34
Q

Immovable joint/Example

A

Synarthrosis/Skull Sutures

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35
Q

Moderately/slightly movable joint

A

Amphiarthrosis

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36
Q

Freely movable joint

A

Diarthrosis

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37
Q

Medial or lateral movement of the soles of the feet (touching soles of feet together)

A

Medial: Inversion
Lateral: Eversion

38
Q

Movement of body parts upwards and downwards (shoulder shrug)

A

Upwards: Elevation
Downward: Depression (back to rest pos)

39
Q

Movement of body parts forward and backwards (hugging)

A

Forward: Protraction
Backward: Retraction (back to resting pos)

40
Q

Displacement of bone within a joint.

A

Dislocation

41
Q

PARTIAL and TOTAL dislocation.

A

Subluxation (partial)

luxation (total)

42
Q

Over stretching or tearing of connective tissue associated with synovial joints

A

Sprains

43
Q

Inflammation of a bursa

A

Bursistis

44
Q

Autoimmune disease involving synovial joints

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

45
Q

Characterized by inflammation of the synovial joint

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

46
Q

Typically bilateral, affecting small joints of the hands and feet. Also, genetic in nature with early age of onset.

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

47
Q

Progressive degeneration of synovial joints through wear and tear. Therefore, not alway bilateral.

A

Osteoarthritis

48
Q

Relatively late age onset. Affects high-use joints, large weight-bearing joints, or joints previously involved in acute trauma

A

Osteoarthritis

49
Q

Three functions of muscular system.

A

Movement
Stabilization
Thermogenesis

50
Q

Muscles possess…. (…bilities)

A

Irritability (cells respond to stimulus)
Contractility (cells shorten)
Extensibility (cells lengthen)
Elasticity (return to original length)

51
Q

Muscles are composed of ______ cells and are capable of _____/______.

A

Elongated

repair/healing

52
Q

Three ways muscle cells repair/heal.

A

Hyperlasia - cell division
Replacement - by satellite cells
Hypertrophy - cells increase in size

53
Q

Skeletal muscles located…

A

upper part of esophagus, diaphragm

54
Q

Skeletal muscles method(s) of repair

A

Replacement aided through hypertrophy

NOT cell division

55
Q

Only multinucleate type of muscle cell

A

Skeletal

56
Q

A single muscle cell/fiber is surrounded by ________.

A

Endomysium

57
Q

A bundle of muscle fibers is called a ______, and is surrounded by a ________.

A

Fascicle

Perimysium

58
Q

A group of _______ make up the muscle, and is surrounded by an _______.

A

Fascicles

Epimysium

59
Q

At the end of the muscle, the ________, _______ and ________ come together to form muscle tendons.

A

Endomysium
Perimysium
Epimysium

60
Q

The cell membrane of a muscle fiber.

A

Sarcolemma

61
Q

A continuation of the sarcolemma, extending into the interior of the muscle fiber, surrounding the myofibrils.

A

Transverse Tubules

62
Q

Specialized endoplasmic reticulum, forms a tubular network around the myofibrils

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

63
Q

Large chambers of sarcoplasmic reticulum encircling the myofibril, on either side of the transfers tubule; storage of calcium ions.

A

Cisternae

64
Q

Unit of a transfers tubule and flanking cisternae encircling a myofibril

A

Triad

65
Q

Made up of microfilaments, arranged into sarcomere

A

Myofibrils

66
Q

Myofibrils:
Thin filament - made up primarily of the protein ______.
Thick filament - made up primarily of the protein _______.

A

Actin

Myosin

67
Q

Sudden change in electric charge of the cell membrane

A

Action Potential

68
Q

Action potential travels through the _ _____ to the ________ and triggers the release of _______ ____ from the cisternae.

A

T Tubules
Myofibrils
Calcium Ions

69
Q

Calcium ions cause exposure of ________ ____ on the actin molecules of the thin filament.

A

Binding Sites

70
Q

Muscle primarily responsible for specific joint movement.

A

Agonist

71
Q

Muscle which produces opposite actin of agonist.

A

Antagonist

72
Q

Muscle which assists the agonist.

A

Synergist

73
Q

When muscles contract under circumstances where little/no muscle shortening can occur - holding position against resistance without moving.

A

Isometric

74
Q

Contractions where muscle fibers change length

A

Isotonic

75
Q

Muscle is shortened (curl bicep)

A

Concentric

76
Q

Overall length of muscle increases during a contraction - slowly extend from a curl - resist the return back to resting state.

A

Eccentric

77
Q

Three causes of atrophy.

A 
Disuse (mechanical)
Denervation (Nerve problem)
Muscular Dystrophy (abnormality of muscle cell)
78
Q

Four causes of cramps.

A

Ion imbalance
Fatigue
Some deficiency
Dehydration

79
Q

As muscles age….

A

Fibers become smaller/less elastic.

Healing process slows.

80
Q

Muscle type located with visceral organs, blood vessels, lower part of esophagus, skin, spleen - involuntary/non-striated.

A

Smooth Muscle

81
Q

Two muscle types with single, centrally located nucleus.

A

Smooth and Cardiac

82
Q

Shorter elongated cell with tapered ends (muscle type)

A

Smooth

83
Q

Muscle type contains actin and myosin fibers, but not arranged into sarcomeres.

A

Smooth Muscles

84
Q

Muscle type utilizes all three repair/regeneration processes - hyperplasia, hypertrophy, differentiation.

A

Smooth Muscle

85
Q

Sheets of fibers with numerous connections between fibers; all fibers contract as a single unit (type of smooth muscle)

A

Visceral (single-unit) smooth muscle

86
Q

Fibers loosely organized; individual cells must be stimulated separately (type of smooth muscle)

A

Multiunit smooth muscle

87
Q

Muscle type located with the heart and roots of great vessels adjoining the heart/involuntary and striated

A

Cardiac Muscles

88
Q

Cells connected by intercalated discs which transmit impulses between cells.

A

Cardiac Muscle

89
Q

Stimulation in one part of net causes contraction within whole unit.

A

Cardiac Muscle

90
Q

Functions in the absence of nervous or hormonal input.

A

Autorhythimicity (Cardiac muscles)

91
Q

Cells cannot divide or be replaced. Repair and regeneration is accomplished solely with HYPERTROPHY.

A

Cardiac Muscles

A & P 1 (11 decks)

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