Formation Flashcards
Pedon
Representative volume.
Control section.
Section with diagnostic features. B and E horizons?
Soil solum
Top and subsoil formed by the same soil forming conditions.
Soil morphology
Form and structure and organization of soil material. Both macro morphology and micro morphology, the latter using a microscope.
How to describe soil horizons
Color, texture, structure, consistency, route quantity and size boundaries, Horizon continuity, nodules, concretions, voids.
Soil horizon designation
O, L, A, E, B, C, R, M, W
L=mineral limnic material caco3, histosol. A=mineral topsoil w org matter. E=loss of clay, fe, al. B=subsoil;more si clay, fe,al, CO3, gypsum. M=root limiting subsoils by humans-asphalt, concrete. W=layer of water (frozen, liquid).
Transitional and combination horizons. Discontinuities.
Transitional(AB, BC). Combination -to master horizons are recognizable with one surrounding the other. Separate components. Lithologicallly different.
Subordinate distinctions
a, c,co,d, di, e, f,ff,h,i, j,jj,m
Highly decomposed material, concretions or nodules, coprogenous earth L only, physical root restriction, diatomaceous earth L only, frozen soil, dry permafrost no ice, illuvial accumulation of organic matter, slightly decomposed organic material, presence of Jarosite(Fe-K sulfate), cryoturbation, cementation
Subordinate distinctions
k,kk,m ma n o q r s ss t u
Secondary carbonates, engulfment a secondary carbonates, cementation or induration, marl L only, accumulation of sodium, residual sesquioxide, cumulation of silica, Weathered or soft bed rock separate light, accumulation of AL FE oxides and OM, slickensides, accum of si clay coating on ped faces, human artifacts
Subordinate distinctions
V, W, X, Y, YY, Z
Plinthite, development of color and structure, Fragipan characteristics, accumulation of Jipson, dominance of horizon by Jipson 50%, accumulation of salts more soluble than Gypsum
Horizon boundaries
distinctiveness, topography
Abrupt, clear, gradual, diffuse. Smooth, waxy, irregular, broken.
Discontinuities
Lithos-stone
Geological differences in the soil profile, differences in particle size distribution. Example loss for glacial drift. Organic and buried layers. Problems w alluvial deposits and volcanic ash soils. ^ Use for human transported of materials.
Soil color
Coatings on particles: organic matter, iron and aluminum oxide’s red and yellow, Morris sure, mineralogy. Dominant or matrix color.
Color.
Hue: spectral color, outside rink. Value measure of the darkness or light vertical column white at top 10 black At 0. Chroma measure purity of spectral color.
Rock fragments modifier
> 2mm, >15%. round in angular particles. Includes gravel cobble stone and Boulder. Flat particles are called channer flagstone stone and Boulder.
