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Clin Path > Anemia > Flashcards

Anemia Flashcards

1
Q

Animal w/ a severe anemia walking into your clinic demonstrates that the anemia has been chronic How?

A

Animal w/ a severe anemia walking into your clinic demonstrates that the anemia has been chronic- they have compensated over time.

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2
Q

What do you assume when you see a decrease in all three cell lines?

A

You have bone marrow issue.

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3
Q

What can you see if you have platelets about 10-15000 or less?

A

You can have spontaneous bleeding

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4
Q

If you have elevated ALT what can you assume in an anemic animal?

A

Can potentially have liver dz but could be b/c the liver is hypoxic
and releasing its enzymes. hepatocellular damage due to hypoxi

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5
Q

What can you put on your ddx w/ a st kitts dog w/ a zero reticulocyte count (bone marrow failure) and high globulin?

A

Animal may have erlichiosis- can have the thrombocytopenia and neutropenia. Antibody destruction of stem cells Is the theory you may have this issue.
Other ddx?–> leukemia involving plasma cells (multiple myeloma)

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6
Q

What are clinical signs of anemia?

A

Pale mucous membrane, lethargy, reduced exercise tolerance, increase respiratory rate, dyspnea, increased heart rate, murmurs

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7
Q

If you have greater than 50% blasts in a lymph node aspirate- what can you assume?

A

Lymphoma.

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8
Q

What are some clinical signs associated w/ blood destruction?

A

Splenomegaly, icterus, hemoglobinuria

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9
Q

Which is more sever slow or rapid onset of anemia?

A

Rapid onset.

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10
Q

If you see a high mean cell volume in a cat w/ no increase in reticulocyte count what will you think of?

A

Myeloid dysplasia due to FeLV

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11
Q

What are causes of regenerative anemia?

A

Blood loos (acute/chronic ) or blood destruction

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12
Q

What occurs during acute blood loss?

A

Protein decrease along w/ PCV- usually returns to normal w/in one week if blood loss is not ongoing. RBC morphology is usually normal (except w/ hemangiosarcoma in dogs ! acanthocytes and shistocytes

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13
Q

What is common to see in a hemoabdomen dog?

A 
Mesothelial cells (have a glycocalyx brush boarder to distinguish!
don’t confuse w/ a neoplastic cell
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14
Q

What are examples of acute blood loss?

A

Trauma surgery, coagulation disorders, bleeding tumors, thrombocytopenia (blood loss does not cause thrombocytopenia.

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15
Q

Examples of chronic blood loss?

A

GI ulcer, blooding GI tumor, blood consuming parasites.

o Blood loss form the intestine more common route (90%)

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16
Q

Causes of iron deficiency anemia?

A
  • Nursing animals (inadequate nutrition)

* In adults- almost always due to chronic blood loss

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17
Q

What are lab findings associated w/ iron efficiency anemia?

A

• Microcytosis, reticulocytes w/ decreased MCV
• RDW usually increased (anisocytosis), normal MCHC, blood film
exam- often show increase in central pallor, keratocyte formation,
• Anemia usually regenerative, unless concurrent anemia of
inflammatory dz. Thrombocytosis common (EPO increase platelets)
• Decrease serum iron concentration, decreased transferrin
saturation, decreased storage iron (ferritin concentration o r hemosiderin in bone marrow, total iron boding capacity usually normal in dogs/cats)

18
Q

If supplementing iron to neonate- how would you give it?

A

• Do not give PO!can be hepatotoxic- give IV.
• Oral iron for deficient adults- not very valuable- only have so much
capacity to absorb iron in your gi.

19
Q

If you see microcytosis what could be a ddx?

A

• Porto systemic shunt causing microcytosis.
• Breed disposition
• Anemia of inflammatory dz (decreased MCV w/ Autoimmmune dz
common in humans, rare in dogs. (measure storage iron – w/
chronic dz- there is a higher storage iron (blow serum iron)
• Normocytic in dogs- can differentiate b/c anemia of inflame dz will
have increased storage iron.

20
Q

If you see different bacteria in the GI at same time what can you assume is happening?

A

• Probably a perforation in the GI.

21
Q

what are general signs associated w/ blood destruction?

A

• splenomegaly, hyperbilirubinemia, icterus, hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria, total protein normal.

22
Q

What drugs can cause IMHA?

A

• Penicillin, cephalosporins, trimethoprim sulfamethoxzaole,
levaminosole
o Horses! penicillin, clostridia infections, and neoplasia
• Cats- associated w/ mycoplasma hamofelis, FeLV, neoplasia

23
Q

Lab findings w/ IMHA?

A

thrombocytopenia can be present, leukgraom always inflammatory, may be azotemic.

24
Q

DDx for spherocteytes?

A

mismatched blood transfusion, rattlesnake evenomation, Heinz
body anemia in horse can look like spherocyte, zinc toxicosis, bee
stings ba

25
Q

What are common dog breeds associated with IMHA?

A

Cocker spaniels, poodles, collies. (slightly higher in females, middle age to old but also young)

26
Q

What are the disadvantages of the coombs test?

A

False positives, and false negs

27
Q

What causes band 3 clustering?

A

• Heinz body anemia in horses, bee venom (contains mellitin), zinc
toxicosis
o Band 3! exchanges bicarb ion for chloride in RBC

28
Q

What is the most common cause of anemia by immune mediated mechanism?

A

RBC parasite

29
Q

Will you have regeneration anemia in cats w/ M. haemofelis?

A
  • Yes unless FeLV or severe inflammatory dz.

* CATS REMAIN CARRIERS OF m. haemofeils

30
Q

What is specific about m. haemocanis infections?

A

M. wenyonii
• Opportunistic, usually only in splenectomized or severely immunosuppressed dogs.
• Only if splenectomized cattle or immunosuppressed – LIMB EDEMA

31
Q

Issue w/ anaplasmosis?

A

Immune mediated destruction.

32
Q

What will you not assume w/ a ruminant w/ regen. Anemia and basophilic stippling like you would in small animals?

A

lead poisoning.

33
Q

What does Theileria parva cause?

A

East coast fever. Hemolytic anemia in ruminants.

34
Q

What do hemi chromes have to do with heinz body formation?

A

Hemichrome formation due to oxidative damage. Irreversible hemichromes aggregate into bits of denatured hemoglobin. Sulfhydral groups susceptible to oxidative damage (cats have 8- reason why seen more in cats vs. dogs that have 4. Hemi chrome form complexes w/ protein band 3! cluster of protein band 3 which creates recognition site for autoantibodies.

35
Q

What is the issue with methemoglobinemia?

A

Iron is in ferric state- incapable of carrying 02. Blood can look
muddy/ chocolate brown when 30% of hemoglobin is
methmeoglobin. = death when concentration is >90%

36
Q

What species is susceptible more to copper toxicosis?

A

Accumulates in liver of sheep! hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria, Heinz body formation.

37
Q

What can cause low phosphrous which leads to decreased glycolysis which an lead to hemolsysis?

A

Pospartuient hemogloinuria in cattle, diabetes mellitus in cats, enteral alimentation in cats may cause hypophosphatemia> hemolysis

38
Q

What toxin does clostridum perfinigins type A species produce?

A

Lecinthinase (alpha toxin! causes hemolytic anemia in lambs and
calves! yellow lamb dz.

39
Q

What does clostridium haemolyticum cause?

A

In cattle- bacillary hemoglobinuria- or red water dz. Associated w/ fluke migration.

40
Q

What is water intoxication in cattle?

A

Usually in calves- no access to water for a period of time following
unlimited access! decreased osmolality of plasma leads to
hemolysis- can be more sever in animals w/ low iron.

41
Q

What virus causes hemolysis in horses?

A

Equine infectious anemia- swamp fever.

42
Q

What hemolytic anemia’s are due to enzyme deficiencies?

A

white terrier, cairn terrier)! marked anemia, reticulocytes! meylofobirosis, sclerosis and death by 4
• Pyruvate kinase deficiency in cat! Abyssinian, Somali, DSH- no ultimate osteosclerosis, can live to old age.
o Due to impaired energy metabolism- decrease glucose and ATP formation! increase RBC destruction
• Phosphofructokinase deficiency- English springer spaniel dog, autosomal recessive. PCV normal, hemolytic crisis when alkalemic.
• Porphyria “pink tooth” cattle deficiency of uroporphyrinogen 3 co synthetase! inability to synthesize hemoglobin. Accumulate in teeth. Decrease RBC survival. In pigs! no photosensitization, autosomal dominant. Cats- autosomal dominant- no anemia.

Clin Path (20 decks)

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