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A.P. Biology > Chapter 51: Animal Behavior > Flashcards

Chapter 51: Animal Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

behavior

A

action carried out by muscles under control of nervous system in response to a stimulus

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2
Q

why is behavior subject to natural selection?

A

it plays a role in survival, reproduction, and anatomy

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3
Q

Niko Tinbergen’s first question to understand behavior

A
  1. What stimulus elicits behavior, what physiological mechanisms mediate the response?
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4
Q

Niko Tinbergen’s second question to understand behavior

A
  1. How does animal’s experience during growth and development influence the response?
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5
Q

Niko Tinbergen’s third question to understand behavior

A
  1. How does behavior aid survival and reproduction?
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6
Q

Niko Tinbergen’s fourth question to understand behavior

A
  1. What is behavior/s evolutionary history?
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7
Q

proximate causation

A

how a behavior occurs/is modified (Tinbergen’s first two questions)

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8
Q

ultimate causation

A

why behavior occurs (Tinbergen’s second two questions)

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9
Q

behavioral ecology

A

study of ecological and evolutionary basis for animal behavior

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10
Q

fixed action pattern

A

sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a simple stimulus

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11
Q

qualities of fixed action patterns

A

unchangeable

carried to completion once initiated

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12
Q

sign stimulus

A

external cue that triggers the behavior

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13
Q

migration

A

regular, long-distance change in location

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14
Q

circadian clock

A

internal mechanism that maintains 24 hour cycle

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15
Q

some animals can sense position in relation to

A

Earth’s magnetic field

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16
Q

circannual rhythms

A

behavioral rhythms linked to seasonal cycle

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17
Q

circannual rhythms influenced by

A

period of daylight and darkness

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18
Q

signal

A

stimulus transmitted from one animal to another

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19
Q

communication

A

transmission/reception of signals

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20
Q

stimulus response chain

A

response to each stimulus is the stimulus for the next behavior

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21
Q

four types of communication

A

visual
chemical
tactile
auditory

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22
Q

Karl von Frisch

A

studied behavior of honeybees to decipher communication between bees about direction/location of food

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23
Q

pheromones

A

chemical substances that allow animals to communicate through odors or taste

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24
Q

pheromones are commonly related to

A

reproductive behavior among mammals and insects

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25
Q

pheromones can serve as

A

alarm signals

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26
Q

innate behavior

A

behavior that is developmentally fixed

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27
Q

cross-fostering study

A

young of one species is placed in care of adults of another species

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28
Q

cross-fostering study answers

A

Tinbergen’s second question

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29
Q

twin study

A

influence of genetics and environment in humans observed by studying twins raised apart vs. together

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30
Q

learning

A

modification of behavior based on specific experiences

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31
Q

imprinting

A

formation of long-lasting behavior at a specific stage in life to a particular individual or object

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32
Q

sensitive (critical) period

A

limited developmental phase during which imprinting can occur

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33
Q

imprinting stimulus is _______ response is _______

A

external

innate

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34
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A

geese imprinted on him instead of their mother

showed no recognition of their biological mother

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35
Q

pair-bond

A

strong attachment among mates

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36
Q

how can pair-bond be missing

A

when species are raised by foster species

37
Q

spatial learning

A

establishment of a memory that reflects environment’s spatial structure

38
Q

example of spatial learning

A

digger wasps memorize location of burrow relative to landmarks

39
Q

cognitive map

A

representation in nervous system of spatial relationships between objects in animal’s surroundings

40
Q

associative learning

A

ability to link one environmental factor to another based on experience

41
Q

classical conditioning

A

arbitrary stimulus associated with particular outcome

42
Q

example of classical conditioning

A

Pavlov’s dog

43
Q

operant conditioning

A

associate behaviors with award of punishment

44
Q

why can’t some animals make certain connections

say they can link bad taste with a certain color but not a certain smell

A

the relationship was unlikely to happen in nature therefore natural selection did not make it happen

45
Q

cognition

A

process of knowing that involves awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgement

46
Q

problem solving

A

cognitive activity of devising a method to proceed from one state to another in the face of obstacles

47
Q

social learning

A

learning through observing others

48
Q

culture

A

system of information transfer through social learning or teaching that influences behavior of individuals in a population

49
Q

changes as a result of culture occur how compared to changes as result of natural selection

A

much quicker

50
Q

foraging

A

food obtaining behavior

51
Q

fruit fly foraging in low population densities

A

traveling short distances is more beneficial (forS allele)

52
Q

fruit fly foraging in high population densities

A

traveling long distances to get food is more beneficial (forR allele)

53
Q

foraging behavior must compromise between

A

benefits of nutrition and cost of obtaining food

54
Q

cost

A

energy spent getting food and risk of being eaten

55
Q

optimal foraging model

A

natural selection should favor foraging behavior that minimizes cost and maximizes benefits

56
Q

risk of predation influences

A

behavior

57
Q

promiscuous

A

no strong pair-bonds

58
Q

monogamous

A

one male and one female, usually morphologically alike

59
Q

polygamous

A

one individual of one sex and many of the other, usually morphologically different

60
Q

polygyny

A

many females

males are dimorphic, showy

61
Q

polyandry

A

many males

females are dimorphic, showy

62
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

extent to which males and females differ in appearance

63
Q

certainty of paternity

A

how sure the male can be that his mate is carrying his offpsring

64
Q

certainty of paternity plays role in

A

mating behavior and parental care

65
Q

certainty of paternity is low in

A

internal fertilization

66
Q

certainty of paternity is high in

A

external fertilization

67
Q

intersexual selection

A

members of one sex choose mate based on characteristics of the other sex

68
Q

intrasexual selection

A

competition between members of one sex for mates

69
Q

ornaments

A

sign of health and vitality

70
Q

why does imprinting influence female’s attraction towards ornaments?

A

females imprint on appearance of father

71
Q

mate-choice copying

A

behavior in which individuals in population copy the mate choice of others

72
Q

why is mate-choice copying beneficial?

A

mating with males that other females find attractive increases chance that offspring will be found attractive and pass on genetic info

73
Q

agonistic behavior

A

ritualized contest between males in which winner gets access to resource (usually food or mates)

74
Q

game theory

A

evaluates alternative strategies in situations where outcome depends on strategies of all individuals involved (like rock, paper, scissors)

75
Q

fru

A

gene that controls courtship behavior in fruit-flies

76
Q

case study of garter snakes

A

coastal snakes eat banana slugs; inland snakes do not

some could smell some couldn’t, gene of smelling was passed on and they followed the source of food to the coast

77
Q

altruism

A

behavior that reduces individual fitness but increases fitness of other individuals in the population

78
Q

example of altruism

A

Belding’s ground squirrel gives call when predator is potted - warns others but gives away location

79
Q

inclusive fitness

A

total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing offspring and aiding relatives to allow them to produce offspring

80
Q

factors of inclusive fitness

A

benefit to recipient
cost to altruist
coefficient of relatedness

81
Q

cost (C)

A

how many fewer offspring the altruist produces

82
Q

benefit (B)

A

average number of extra offspring that beneficiary produces

83
Q

coefficient of relatedness (r)

A

fraction of genes that are shared on average between beneficiary and offspring

84
Q

Hamilton’s rule

A

rB > C

natural selection favors altruism when benefits are greater than costs

85
Q

kin selection

A

natural selection that favors altruistic behavior by enhancing reproductive success of relatives

86
Q

recipricol altruism

A

altruism that occurs between unrelated individuals with the expectation that it will be returned in the future

87
Q

cheating

A

not returning favors to individuals who have been helpful in the past

88
Q

tit-for-tat

A

if one individual cheats, the altruistic individual retaliates but becomes cooperative when the other cooperates

89
Q

sociobiology

A

certain behavioral characteristics exist because they are expressions of genes that have been perpetuated by natural selection

A.P. Biology (6 decks)

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